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총 31문제 중 첫번째 시도에서는 64.51점을 맞췄다.

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세번째 시도에서야 100점을 맞았다.

왜 맞았는지, 왜 틀렸는지 찬찬히 한번 더 살펴봐야겠다.

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Benchmark Assessment

1.

Question 1

A company's application allows users to upload image files to an Amazon S3 bucket. These files are accessed frequently for the first 30 days. After 30 days, these files are rarely accessed, but need to be durably stored and available immediately upon request. A solutions architect is tasked with configuring a lifecycle policy that minimizes the overall cost while meeting the application requirements. Which action will accomplish this?

4.1 Identify cost-effective storage solutions

1 / 1 point

Configure a lifecycle policy to move the files to S3 Glacier after 30 days.

Configure a lifecycle policy to move the files to S3 Glacier Deep Archive after 30 days.

Configure a lifecycle policy to move the files to S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA) after 30 days.

Configure a lifecycle policy to move the files to S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access (S3 One Zone-IA) after 30 days.

정답 3번

Correct

Correct. Using a lifecycle policy to move data to S3 Standard-IA satisfies all application requirements and provides the lowest-cost option. To learn more about S3 Standard-IA, see: Amazon S3 Storage Classes

Glacier는 available immediately라는 requirement를 충족할 수 없다..
S3 One Zone-IA는 to be durably stored 라는 requirement를 충족할 수 없다.

2.

Question 2

A company needs to implement a secure data encryption solution to meet regulatory requirements. The solution must provide security and durability in generating, storing, and controlling cryptographic data keys. Which action should be taken to provide the MOST secure solution?

3.3 Select appropriate data security options

1 / 1 point

Use AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) to generate AWS KMS keys and data keys. Use AWS KMS key policies to control access to the KMS keys.

Use AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) to generate cryptographic keys and import the keys to AWS Certificate Manager. Use IAM policies to control access to the keys.

Use a third-party solution from AWS Marketplace to generate the cryptographic keys and store them on encrypted instance store volumes. Use IAM policies to control access to the encryption key APIs.

Use OpenSSL to generate the cryptographic keys and upload the keys to an Amazon S3 bucket with encryption enabled. Apply AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key policies to control access to the keys.

정답 1번

Correct

Correct. AWS KMS with customer controlled KMS keys meets all the requirements. To learn more about AWS KMS, see: AWS Key Management Service

AWS KMS를 사용하면 손쉽게 암호화 키를 생성 및 관리하고 다양한 AWS 서비스와 애플리케이션에서의 사용을 제어할 수 있다.
다른 보기들은 AWS KMS의 일체화된 서비스를 사용하는 것보다 secure 하지 않다.

3.

Question 3

A startup company is looking for a solution to cost-effectively run and access microservices without the operational overhead of managing infrastructure. The solution needs to be able scale quickly to accommodate rapid changes in the volume of requests and protect against common DDoS attacks. What is the MOST cost-effective solution that meets these requirements?

4.2 Identify cost-effective compute and database services

0 / 1 point

Run the microservices in containers using AWS Elastic Beanstalk.

Run the microservices in AWS Lambda behind an Amazon API Gateway.

Run the microservices on Amazon EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group.

Run the microservices in containers using Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) backed by EC2 instances.

Incorrect

Incorrect. Amazon ECS is a highly scalable, fast, container management service that you can use to run, stop, and manage Docker containers on a cluster. However, you must manage the underlying EC2 instances unless you use AWS Fargate. Also, cluster scaling might not be fast enough to handle rapid changes in request volume. To learn more about Amazon ECS, see: What is Amazon Elastic Container Service?
ECS가 DDoS 공격도 관리할 줄 알았는데 아닌가 보다.
without operational overhead of managing infrastructure 가 있는거 보니 AWS Lambda 가 맞는것 같다.
Microservice는 소프트웨어가 잘 정의된API를 통해 통신하는 소규모의 독립적인 서비스로 구성되어 있는 경우의 소프트웨어 개발을 위한 아키텍처 및 조직적 접근 방식임. 독립적인 소규모 팀에서 보유 함.

정답 2번 – 두번째 시도에 맞춤
Correct

Correct. Lambda is a compute service that you can use to run code without provisioning or managing servers. Lambda runs code only when needed. It is a cost-effective solution because there is no charge for idle resources. To learn more about Lambda, see: What is AWS Lambda?

4.

Question 4

A solutions architect needs to design a secure environment for AWS resources that are being deployed to Amazon EC2 instances in a VPC. The solution should support for a three-tier architecture consisting of web servers, application servers, and a database cluster. The VPC needs to allow resources in the web tier to be accessible from the internet with only the HTTPS protocol. Which combination of actions would meet these requirements? (Select TWO.)

3.2 Design secure application tiers

1 / 1 point

Attach Amazon API Gateway to the VPC. Create private subnets for the web, application, and database tiers.
Private subnet을 적용하면 외부 접근이 안되서 Web은 Public을 해야 함.

Attach an internet gateway to the VPC. Create public subnets for the web tier. Create private subnets for the application and database tiers.

Correct

Correct. Only the web tier needs to be in public subnets. The application and database tiers should be in private subnets. To learn more about internet gateways, public subnets, and private subnets, see: VPCs and subnets

Attach a virtual private gateway to the VPC. Create public subnets for the web and application tiers. Create private subnets for the database tier.
application tier에 public을 적용할 필요가 없음. 비지니스 로직이 외부에 노출 될 우려가 있음

Create a web server security group that allows all traffic from the internet. Create an application server security group that allows requests from only the Amazon API Gateway on the application port. Create a database cluster security group that allows TCP connections from the application security group on the database port only.
Web server는 HTTPS 만 허용되어야 하기 때문에 requirement를 만족하지 못함.

Create a web server security group that allows HTTPS requests from the internet. Create an application server security group that allows requests from the web security group only. Create a database cluster security group that allows TCP connections from the application security group on the database port only.

정답 2, 5번

Correct

Correct. Putting the web tier in public subnets allows for greater access to the resource while protecting it from traffic on unrequired ports. Restricting traffic to the application and database tiers helps protect them from accidental and malicious access. It also helps ensure that each tier is accessed only through secure communication with the previous tier. To learn more about securing traffic in a VPC, see: Security groups for your VPC

5.

Question 5

A solutions architect has been given a large number of video files to upload to an Amazon S3 bucket. The file sizes are 100–500 MB. The solutions architect also wants to easily resume failed upload attempts. How should the solutions architect perform the uploads in the LEAST amount of time?

2.2 Select high-performing and scalable storage solutions for a workload

1 / 1 point

Split each file into 5-MB parts. Upload the individual parts normally and use S3 multipart upload to merge the parts into a complete object.

Using the AWS CLI, copy individual objects into the S3 bucket with the aws s3 cp command.
CLI를 사용하면 자동으로 multiuploading 기능을 제공 함

From the Amazon S3 console, select the S3 bucket. Upload the S3 bucket, and drag and drop items into the bucket.

Upload the files with SFTP and the AWS Transfer Family.

정답 2번

Correct

Correct. It is a best practice to use aws s3 commands (such as aws s3 cp) for multipart uploads and downloads. These aws s3 commands automatically perform multipart uploading and downloading based on the file size. To learn more about using the AWS CLI to perform multipart uploads, see: How do I use the AWS CLI to perform a multipart upload of a file to Amazon S3?

6.

Question 6

A gaming company is experiencing exponential growth. On multiple occasions, customers have been unable to access resources. To keep up with the increased demand, Management is considering deploying a cloud-based solution. The company is looking for a solution that can match the on-premises resilience of multiple data centers, and is robust enough to withstand the increased growth activity. Which configuration should a Solutions Architect implement to deliver the desired results?

1.2 Design highly available and/or fault-tolerant architectures

1 / 1 point

A VPC configured with an ELB Application Load Balancer targeting an EC2 Auto Scaling group consisting of Amazon EC2 instances in one Availability Zone è One AZ로는 fault-tolerant 를 보장할 수 없다.

Multiple Amazon EC2 instances configured within peered VPCs across two Availability Zones

A VPC configured with an ELB Network Load Balancer targeting an EC2 Auto Scaling group consisting of Amazon EC2 instances spanning two Availability Zones
Network LB는 다량의 request를 처리할 수 있다. Load balances at the transport layer (TCP/UDP Layer-4)
Network LB can handle traffic bursts, retain the source IP of the client and use a fixed IP for the life of the load balancer.

A VPC configured with an ELB Application Load Balancer targeting an EC2 Auto Scaling group consisting of Amazon EC2 instances spanning two AWS Regions
è load balances at the application layer (HTTP/HTTPS), path based routing.

정답 3번

Correct

Correct. The Network Load Balancer can handle millions of requests per second, while maintaining ultra-low latency. Combined with an Auto Scaling group, the Network Load Balancer can handle volatile traffic patterns. Setting the Auto Scaling group targets across multiple Availability Zones will make this highly available. To learn more about automatic scaling, see: Configure an Application Load Balancer or Network Load Balancer using the Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling console

7.

Question 7

A Solutions Architect must secure the network traffic for two applications running on separate Amazon EC2 instances in the same subnet. The applications are called Application A and Application B. Application A requires that inbound HTTP requests be allowed and all other inbound traffic be blocked. Application B requires that inbound HTTPS traffic be allowed and all other inbound traffic be blocked, including HTTP traffic. What should the Solutions Architect use to meet these requirements?

3.2 Design secure application tiers

0 / 1 point

Configure the access with network access control lists (network ACLs).
ACL은 subnet 단위에서 작용함. 두 EC2 instance들이 같은 subnet에 있기 때문에 이를 사용할 수 없다.

Configure the access with security groups. è 이게 답인가?
SG은 EC2 instance 단위로 적용 됨. Allow 만 허용되고 Deny는 설정 안 됨.
A security group acts as a virtual firewall, controlling the traffic that is allowed to reach and leave the resources that it is associated with. For example, after you associate a security group with an EC2 instance, it controls the inbound and outbound traffic for the instance.

Configure the network connectivity with VPC peering.
Region간 VPC를 프라이빗 주소(IPv4, IPv6)를 사용하여 라우팅 해 줌

Configure the network connectivity with route tables. è 두번째 시도 답 -틀림
The route table contains existing routes with targets other than a network interface, Gateway Load Balancer endpoint, or the default local route. The route table contains existing routes to CIDR blocks outside of the ranges in your VPC. Route propagation is enabled for the route table.

Incorrect

Incorrect. Though network ACLs can allow and block traffic, they operate at the subnet boundary. They use one set of rules for all traffic that enters or leaves a particular subnet. Because the EC2 instances for both applications are in the same subnet, they would use the same network ACL. However, the question requires different security requirements for each application. To learn more about securing traffic as it enters or leaves a subnet, see: Network ACLs

Incorrect

Incorrect. A route table contains a set of rules, called routes, that are used to determine where network traffic from your subnet or gateway is directed. It does not provide any ability to block traffic as requested for applications that are in the same subnet. To learn more about routing in Amazon VPC, see: Route tables for your VPC

두번째 시도 4번도 틀림

정답 2번
Correct

Correct. A security group acts as a virtual firewall for your instance to control inbound and outbound traffic. They support allow rules only, and they block all other traffic if a matching rule is not found. Security groups are applied specifically at the instance level, so different instances in the same subnet can have different rules applied to them. To learn more about securing traffic at the EC2 instance boundary, see: Security groups for your VPC

8.

Question 8

A data processing facility wants to move a group of Microsoft Windows servers to the AWS Cloud. Theses servers require access to a shared file system that can integrate with the facility's existing Active Directory infrastructure for file and folder permissions. The solution needs to provide seamless support for shared files with AWS and on-premises servers and allow the environment to be highly available. The chosen solution should provide added security by supporting encryption at rest and in transit. Which storage solution would meet these requirements?

4.1 Identify cost-effective storage solutions

0 / 1 point

An Amazon S3 File Gateway joined to the existing Active Directory domain

An Amazon FSx for the Windows File Server file system joined to the existing Active Directory domain
FSx for Windows File Server는 윈도우즈와 친화성이 매우 높다.

An Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) file system joined to an AWS Managed Microsoft AD domain
EFS는 리눅스 기반임

An Amazon S3 bucket mounted on Amazon EC2 instances in multiple Availability Zones running Windows Server

Incorrect

Incorrect. Amazon EFS is a scalable, elastic file system for Linux based workloads. It is not supported for the Windows based instances. To learn more about Amazon EFS, see: What is Amazon Elastic File System?

정답 2번 – 두번째 시도에 맞춤
Correct

Correct. Amazon FSx provides a fully managed native Microsoft Windows file system so you can easily move your Windows-based applications that require file storage to AWS. With Amazon FSx, there are no upfront hardware or software costs. You pay for only the resources used, with no minimum commitments, setup costs, or additional fees. To learn more about Amazon FSx, see: What is FSx for Windows File Server? To learn more about Using Microsoft Windows file shares, see: Using Microsoft Windows file shares

9.

Question 9

A Solutions Architect notices an abnormal amount of network traffic coming from an Amazon EC2 instance. The traffic is determined to be malicious and the destination needs to be determined. What tool can the Solutions Architect use to identify the destination of the malicious network traffic?

3.2 Design secure application tiers

1 / 1 point

Enable AWS CloudTrail and filter the logs.

Enable VPC Flow Logs and filter the logs.

Consult the AWS Personal Health Dashboard.

Filter the logs from Amazon CloudWatch.

정답 2번

Correct

Correct. VPC Flow Logs is a feature that you can use to capture information about the IP traffic going to and from network interfaces in a VPC. To learn more about flow log basics, see: VPC Flow Logs

10.

Question 10

A company is deploying an environment for a new data processing application. This application will be frequently accessed by 20 different departments across the globe seeking to run analytics. The company plans to charge each department for the cost of that department's access. Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST effort?

2.2 Select high-performing and scalable storage solutions for a workload

1 / 1 point

Amazon Aurora with global databases. Each department will query a database in a different Region, and the Region is tagged in the billing console.

PostgreSQL on Amazon RDS, with read replicas for each department. Each department will query the read replica tagged for their team in the billing console.

Amazon Redshift, with clusters set up for each department. Each department will query the cluster tagged for their team in the billing console.

Amazon Athena with workgroups set up for each department. Each department will query via the workgroup tagged for their team in the billing console.

정답 4번

Correct

Correct. Amazon Athena can query data in Amazon S3, and workgroups are purpose-built for cost allocation. For more information about Amazon Athena workgroups, see: Using Workgroups to Control Query Access and Costs

11.

Question 11

A company is migrating its on-premises application to Amazon Web Services and refactoring its design. The design will consist of frontend Amazon EC2 instances that receive requests, backend EC2 instances that process the requests, and a message queuing service to address decoupling the application. The Solutions Architect has been informed that a key aspect of the application is that requests are processed in the order in which they are received. Which AWS service should the Solutions Architect to decouple the application?

1.3 Design decoupling mechanisms using AWS services

1 / 1 point

Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) standard queue

Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS)

Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) FIFO queue

Amazon Kinesis

정답 3번

Correct

Correct. Amazon SQS FIFO (First In First Out) queues process messages in the order they are received. To learn more about Amazon SQS queue types, see: Amazon SQS features

12.

Question 12

An API receives a high volume of sensor data. The data is written to a queue before being processed to produce trend analysis and forecasting reports. With the current architecture, some data records are being received and processed more than once. How can a solutions architect modify the architecture to ensure that duplicate records are not processed?

1.3 Design decoupling mechanisms using AWS services

1 / 1 point

Configure the API to send the records to Amazon Kinesis Data Streams.

Configure the API to send the records to Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose.

Configure the API to send the records to Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS).

Configure the API to send the records to an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) FIFO queue.

정답 4번

Correct

Correct: The FIFO queue improves on and complements the standard queue. The most important features of this queue type are FIFO (First-In-First-Out) delivery and exactly-once processing. The order that messages are sent and received in is strictly preserved. A message is delivered once, and remains available until a consumer processes and deletes it. Duplicates are not introduced into the FIFO queue. To learn more about Amazon SQS and FIFO queues, see: Message ordering

13.

Question 13

After reviewing the cost optimization checks in AWS Trusted Advisor, a team finds that it has 10,000 Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) snapshots in its account that are more than 30 days old. The team has determined that it needs to implement better governance for the lifecycle of its resources. Which actions should the team take to automate the lifecycle management of the EBS snapshots with the LEAST effort? (Select TWO.)

4.1 Identify cost-effective storage solutions

0 / 1 point

Create and schedule a backup plan with AWS Backup. è 이게 답인것 같음
AWS Backup을 사용하면 AWS 서비스 및 하이브리드 워크로드에서 데이터 보호를 중앙 집중화하고 자동화할 수 있습니다. AWS Backup은 정책을 기반으로 대규모 데이터 보호를 간편하고 비용 효율적으로 수행할 수 있는 완전관리형 서비스입니다.
Correct

Correct. The team wants to automate the lifecycle management of EBS snapshots. AWS Backup is a centralized backup service that automates backup processes for application data across AWS services in the AWS Cloud. It is designed to help you meet business and regulatory backup compliance requirements. AWS Backup provides a central place where you can configure and audit the AWS resources that you want to back up. You can also automate backup scheduling, set retention policies, and monitor all recent backup and restore activity. To learn more, see: What is AWS Backup?

Copy the EBS snapshots to Amazon S3, and then create lifecycle configurations in the S3 bucket.
좀 더 간단한 방법이 있다.

This should not be selected

Incorrect. Though this solution meets the technical requirement, it does not meet the requirement for the least effort. To copy EBS snapshots and set up lifecycle policies on the S3 bucket, the team would need to provide manual effort or create scripts that would need to be hosted somewhere. To learn more, see: Copy an Amazon EBS snapshot

Use Amazon Data Lifecycle Manager (Amazon DLM).

Correct

Correct. With Amazon DLM, you can manage the lifecycle of your AWS resources through lifecycle policies. Lifecycle policies automate operations on specified resources. The team requires lifecycle management for EBS snapshots, and Amazon DLM supports EBS volumes and snapshots. To learn more about Amazon DLM, see: Amazon Data Lifecycle Manager

Use a scheduled event in Amazon EventBridge (Amazon CloudWatch Events) and invoke AWS Step Functions to manage the snapshots.
Amazon EventBridge는 자체 애플리케이션, 통합 Software-as-a-Service(SaaS) 애플리케이션 및 AWS 서비스에서 생성된 이벤트를 사용하여 이벤트 기반 애플리케이션을 대규모로 손쉽게 구축할 수 있는 서버리스 이벤트 버스입니다.

Schedule and run backups in AWS Systems Manager.

정답 1,3 – 두번째 시도에 맞춤

14.

Question 14

A company is deploying a production portal application on AWS. The database tier runs on a MySQL database. The company requires a highly available database solution that maximizes ease of management. How can the company meet these requirements?

1.2 Design highly available and/or fault-tolerant architectures

1 / 1 point

Deploy the database on multiple Amazon EC2 instances that are backed by Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) across multiple Availability Zones. Schedule periodic EBS snapshots.

Use Amazon RDS with a Multi-AZ deployment. Schedule periodic database snapshots.

Use Amazon RDS with a Single-AZ deployment. Schedule periodic database snapshots.

Use Amazon DynamoDB with an Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) cluster. Create periodic on-demand backups.

정답 2번

Correct

Correct. Amazon RDS with a Multi-AZ deployment provides automatic failover with minimum manual intervention and it is highly available. To learn more, see: High availability (Multi-AZ) for Amazon RDS

15.

Question 15

A company requires operating system permissions on a relational database server. What should a solutions architect suggest as a configuration for a highly available database architecture?

1.2 Design highly available and/or fault-tolerant architectures

0 / 1 point

Multiple Amazon EC2 instances in a database replication configuration that uses two Availability Zones è 이게 답인가?

A database installed on a single Amazon EC2 instance in an Availability Zone

Amazon RDS in a Multi-AZ configuration with Provisioned IOPS

Multiple Amazon EC2 instances in a replication configuration that uses a placement group

Incorrect

Incorrect. This solution meets the requirement for high availability, but it does not provide access to the operating system. To learn more about when to use EC2 instances, see: Amazon EC2 for Oracle - When to choose Amazon EC2

정답 1 – 두번째 시도에 맞춤
Correct

Correct. EC2 instances allow access to the operating system. In addition, spanning two Availability Zones helps ensure high availability. To learn more about best practices for databases, see: Web Application Hosting in the AWS Cloud

16.

Question 16

A company has developed an application that processes photos and videos. When users upload photos and videos, a job processes the files. The job can take up to 1 hour to process long videos. The company is using Amazon EC2 On-Demand Instances to run web servers and processing jobs. The web layer and the processing layer have instances that run in an Auto Scaling group behind an Application Load Balancer. During peak hours, users report that the application is slow and that the application does not process some requests at all. During evening hours, the systems are idle. What should a solutions architect do so that the application will process all jobs in the MOST cost-effective manner?

2.1 Identify elastic and scalable compute solutions for a workload

1 / 1 point

Use a larger instance size in the Auto Scaling groups of the web layer and the processing layer.

Use Spot Instances for the Auto Scaling groups of the web layer and the processing layer.

Use an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) standard queue between the web layer and the processing layer. Use a custom queue metric to scale the Auto Scaling group in the processing layer.

Use AWS Lambda functions instead of EC2 instances and Auto Scaling groups. Increase the service quota so that sufficient concurrent functions can run at the same time.

정답 3번

Correct

Correct. The Auto Scaling group can scale in response to changes in system load in an SQS queue. Even if the Auto Scaling group is at its maximum capacity, jobs will be saved in the queue and they will be processed when compute resources become available. To learn more, see: Scaling based on Amazon SQS

17.

Question 17

A company is developing an application that runs on Amazon EC2 instances in a private subnet. The EC2 instances use a NAT gateway to access the internet. A solutions architect must provide a secure option so that developers can log in to the instances. Which solution meets these requirements MOST cost-effectively?

4.3 Design cost-optimized network architectures

0 / 1 point

Configure AWS Systems Manager Session Manager for the EC2 instances to enable login. è 이게 답인가?

Configure a bastion host in a public subnet to log in to the EC2 instances in a private subnet.

Use the existing NAT gateway to log in to the EC2 instances in a private subnet. è 두번째 시도 답
A NAT gateway is a Network Address Translation (NAT) service. You can use a NAT gateway so that instances in a private subnet can connect to services outside your VPC but external services cannot initiate a connection with those instances.

Configure AWS Site-to-Site VPN to log in directly to the EC2 instances.

Incorrect

Incorrect. Bastion hosts solve the functional requirement, but they increase costs because one or more instances would be required. To learn more, see: AWS Quick Starts - Linux Bastion Hosts on AWS

Incorrect

Incorrect. You cannot use NAT gateways to log in to EC2 instances because NAT gateways are gateways that handle only outbound traffic. To learn more, see: NAT gateways

두번째 시도에 3번 – 틀림

정답 1번
Correct

Correct. Session Manager provides secure and auditable instance management without the need to open inbound ports, maintain bastion hosts, or manage SSH keys. There is no additional charge for accessing EC2 instances by using Session Manager. To learn more about Session Manager, see: AWS Systems Manager Session Manager To learn more about Session Manager pricing, see: AWS Systems Manager pricing

18.

Question 18

A company is using an Amazon S3 bucket to store archived data for audits. The company needs long-term storage for the data. The data is rarely accessed and must be available for retrieval the next business day. After a quarterly review, the company wants to reduce the storage cost for the S3 bucket. A solutions architect must recommend the most cost-effective solution to store the archived data. Which solution will meet these requirements?

4.1 Identify cost-effective storage solutions

1 / 1 point

Store the data on an Amazon EC2 instance that uses Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS).

Use an S3 Lifecycle configuration rule to move the data to S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA).

Store the data in S3 Glacier.

Store the data in another S3 bucket in a different AWS Region.

정답 3번

Correct

Correct. Out of these options, S3 Glacier is the most cost-effective solution. S3 Glacier is a good fit for archival data that does not need to be frequently accessed or modified. For more information about S3 Glacier, see: What Is S3 Glacier? To learn more about retrieval options for S3 Glacier, see: Retrieving S3 Glacier Archives

19.

Question 19

A solutions architect must create a disaster recovery (DR) solution for a company's business-critical applications. The DR site must reside in a different AWS Region than the primary site. The solution requires a recovery point objective (RPO) in seconds and a recovery time objective (RTO) in minutes. The solution also requires the deployment of a completely functional, but scaled-down version of the applications. Which DR strategy will meet these requirements?

1.2 Design highly available and/or fault-tolerant architectures

0 / 1 point

Multi-site active-active

Backup and restore

Pilot light

Warm standby è 이게 답인 것 같음

Incorrect

Incorrect. Multi-site active-active has an RPO and an RTO in real time and is considered a hot standby. Though this strategy will meet the RPO and RTO requirements, it is not a scaled down version of the applications (a stated requirement), and it will be more expensive than other options. To learn more about various DR strategies, see: Plan for Disaster Recovery (DR) - Use defined recovery strategies to meet the recovery objectives

정답 4번 – 두번째 시도에 맞춤
Correct

Correct. With warm standby (fully working at low capacity), all components run at a low capacity. The RPO is in seconds, and the RTO is in minutes. To learn more about various DR strategies, see: Plan for Disaster Recovery (DR) - Use defined recovery strategies to meet the recovery objectives

20.

Question 20

A financial services company is migrating its multi-tier web application to AWS. The application architecture consists of a fleet of web servers, application servers, and an Oracle database. The company must have full control over the database's underlying operating system, and the database must be highly available. Which approach should a solutions architect use for the database tier to meet these requirements?

1.2 Design highly available and/or fault-tolerant architectures

1 / 1 point

Migrate the database to an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB Single-AZ DB instance.

Migrate the database to an Amazon RDS for Oracle Multi-AZ DB instance.

Migrate to Amazon EC2 instances in two Availability Zones. Install Oracle Database and configure the instances to operate as a cluster.

Migrate to Amazon EC2 instances in a single Availability Zone. Install Oracle Database and configure the instances to operate as a cluster.

정답 3번

Correct

Correct. This solution provides the company with full control of the database operating system. The solution also provides high availability. To learn more about when Amazon EC2 is a good option, see: Amazon EC2 for Oracle

21.

Question 21

A hospital client is migrating from another cloud provider to AWS and is looking for advice on modernizing as they migrate. They have containerized applications that run on tablets. During spikes caused by increases in patient visits, the communications from the applications to the central database occasionally fail. As a result, the client currently has the applications try to write to the central database once, and if that write fails, it writes to a dedicated application PostgreSQL database run by the hospital IT team on premises. Each of those PostgreSQL databases then sends batch information on to the central database. The client is asking for recommendations for migrating or refactoring the database write process to decrease operational overhead. What should the solutions architect recommend? (Select TWO.)

4.2 Identify cost-effective compute and database services

1 / 1 point

Migrate the containerized applications to AWS Fargate.

Migrate the local databases to Aurora Serverless for PostgreSQL.

Correct

Correct. PostgreSQL has been turned into a kind of messaging service (holding all of the data until the batch job runs), and that is better handled by a queuing service. However, moving to Aurora Serverless will still decrease overhead for running the database, and it is a valid answer. To learn more, see: Amazon Aurora Serverless

Migrate the PostgreSQL databases to an RDS instance with a read replica that replaces each of the local databases.

Refactor the applications to use Amazon Simple Queue Service and eliminate the local PostgreSQL databases.

Correct

Correct. The client can decouple the messaging aspect of the application and remove the databases (which are effectively a workaround messaging service). To learn more about, see: How Amazon SQS works

Refactor the central database to add an Amazon ElastiCache lazy loading cache in front of the database.

정답 2,4 번

22.

Question 22

A large international company has a management account in AWS Organizations, and over 50 individual accounts for each country they operate in. Each of the country accounts has least four VPCs set up for functional divisions. There is a high amount of trust across the accounts, and communication among all of the VPCs should be allowed. Each of the individual VPCs throughout the entire global organization will need to access an account and VPC that provide shared services to all the other accounts. How can the member accounts access the shared services VPC with the LEAST operational overhead?

2.3 Select high-performing networking solutions for a workload

1 / 1 point

Create an Application Load Balancer, with a target of the private IP address of the shared services VPC. Add a Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) record for the Application Load Balancer to Amazon Route 53. Point all requests for shared services in the routing tables of the VPCs to the CAA record.

Create a peering connection between each of the VPCs and the shared services VPC.

Create a Network Load Balancer across the Availability Zones in the shared services VPC. Create service consumer roles in IAM, and set endpoint connection acceptance to automatically accept. Create consumer endpoints in each division VPC and point to the Network Load Balancer.

Create a VPN connection between each of the VPCs and the shared service VPC.

정답 3번

Correct

Correct. This solution provides the general flow of how an AWS PrivateLink connection is established. To learn more, see: Interface VPC endpoints (AWS PrivateLink)

23.

Question 23

A SysOps administrator is looking into a way to automate the deployment of new SSL/TLS certificates to their web servers, and a centralized way to track and manage the deployed certificates. Which AWS service can the administrator use to fulfill the above-mentioned needs?

3.2 Design secure application tiers

1 / 1 point

AWS Key Management Service

AWS Certificate Manager

Configure AWS Systems Manager Run Command

AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store

정답 2번

Correct

Correct. AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) is a service that you can use to provision, manage, and deploy public and private Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) certificates for use with AWS services and your internal, connected resources. SSL/TLS certificates are used to secure network communications and establish the identity of websites over the internet, in addition to resources on private networks. ACM reduces the time-consuming manual process of purchasing, uploading, and renewing SSL/TLS certificates. To learn more, see: AWS Certificate Manager

24.

Question 24

A client has created a website (www.example.com), with an Application Load Balancer in a public subnet. The load balancer targets an application hosted on EC2 instances in private subnets, which rely on an Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL-Compatible Edition DB instance in separate private subnets. When testing the website, static content from the EC2 instance is displayed, but any content driven by database queries fails to load. What should the administrator check?

1.1 Design a multi-tier architecture solution

0 / 1 point

Check the Amazon Route 53 CNAME record to ensure that www.example.com points to the top-level domain (example.com).

Check the network access control list (network ACL) of the application subnets for an outbound allow statement.
è 두번째 시도 답 틀림

Check that the route table for the database subnets includes a default route to the internet gateway for the VPC.
è 첫번째 시도 답 틀림

Check if the security group of the database subnet allows inbound traffic from the EC2 subnets. è 이게 답인가?

Incorrect

Incorrect. The database should be interacting with the EC2 subnet, which should return information to the Application Load Balancer. Providing access to the internet gateway could make the database subnet public instead of private. To learn more, see: Internet gateways

Incorrect

Incorrect. The EC2 instances are able to return information to the Application Load Balancer and out to the browser, so the network ACL is not blocking anything at the VPC level. To learn more, see: Security Groups and Network Access Control Lists (Network ACLs) (BP5)

두번째 시도 2번 – 틀림

정답 4번
Correct. The database security group is likely not configured for inbound traffic from the EC2 layer. To learn more, see: Security Groups and Network Access Control Lists (Network ACLs) (BP5)

25.

Question 25

A solutions architect has been tasked with designing a three-tier application for deployment in AWS. There will be a web tier as the frontend, a backend application tier for data processing, and a database that will be hosted on Amazon RDS. The application frontend will be distributed to end users by CloudFront. Following best practices, it is decided that there should not be any point-to-point dependencies between the different layers of the infrastructure. How many Elastic Load Balancing load balancers should the architect deploy in the architecture so that this application's design follows best practices?

1.1 Design a multi-tier architecture solution

0 / 1 point

Zero. Use the load balancer that is automatically enabled when CloudFront is deployed.

One load balancer. This load balancer would be between the web tier and the application tier.

Two load balancers. One public load balancer would direct traffic to the web tier, and one private load balancer would direct traffic to the application tier. è 이게 답인가?

Three load balancers. One public load balancer would direct traffic to the web tier. One private load balancer would direct traffic to the application tier. Another private load balancer would direct traffic to the Amazon RDS database.

Incorrect

Incorrect. Though deploying one load balancer is better than deploying none, the application might experience reliability issues between the tiers that do not have a load balancer in place. To learn more about best practices for deploying a web hosting environment, see: An AWS Cloud architecture for web hosting

정답 3번 – 두번째 시도에 맞춤
Correct

Correct.One load balancer will be deployed between CloudFront and the web tier. Another load balancer would be deployed between the web tier and the application tier. To learn more about best practices for deploying a web hosting environment, see: An AWS Cloud architecture for web hosting

26.

Question 26

The CIO of a company is concerned about the security of the account root user of their AWS account. How can the CIO ensure that the AWS account follows the best practices for logging in securely? (Select TWO.)

3.1 Design secure access to AWS resources

1 / 1 point

Enforce the use of an access key ID and secret access key for the account root user logins.

Enforce the use of MFA for the account root user logins.

Correct

Correct. For increased security, we recommend that you configure multi-factor authentication (MFA) to help protect your AWS resources. You can enable MFA for IAM users or the AWS account root user. When you enable MFA for the root user, it affects only the root user credentials. IAM users in the account are distinct identities with their own credentials, and each identity has its own MFA configuration. To learn more about using MFA for accounts in AWS Organizations, see: Best practices for member accounts To learn more about enabling MFA for the account root user, see: Using multi-factor authentication (MFA) in AWS

Enforce the account root user to assume a role to access the root user's own resources.

Enforce the use of complex passwords for member account root user logins.

Correct

Correct. The security of your account root user depends on the strength of its password. We recommend that you use a password that is long, complex, and not used anywhere else. To learn more about using complex passwords for accounts in AWS Organizations, see: Best practices for member accounts

Enforce the deletion of the AWS account so that it cannot be used.

정답 2,4번

27.

Question 27

A Solutions Architect has been tasked with creating a data store location that will be able to handle different file formats of unknown sizes. It is required that this data be highly available and protected from being accidentally deleted. What solution meets the requirements and is the MOST cost-effective?

3.3 Select appropriate data security options

1 / 1 point

Deploy an Amazon S3 bucket and enable Cross-Region Replication.

Deploy an Amazon DynamoDB table and enable Global Tables.

Deploy an Amazon S3 bucket and enable Object Versioning.

Deploy a database using Amazon RDS and configure a Multi-AZ deployment for that database.

정답 3번

Correct

Correct. Versioning-enabled buckets can help you recover objects from accidental deletion or overwrite. For example, if you delete an object, Amazon S3 inserts a delete marker instead of removing the object permanently. The delete marker becomes the current object version. If you overwrite an object, it results in a new object version in the bucket. A user can always restore the previous version. To learn more about object versioning, see: Using versioning in S3 buckets

28.

Question 28

An organization is planning to migrate from an on-premises data center to an AWS environment that spans multiple Availability Zones. A migration engineer has been tasked to plan how to transfer the home directories and other shared network attached storage from the data center to AWS. The migration design should support connections from multiple Amazon EC2 instances running the Linux operating system to this common shared storage platform. What storage option best fits their design?

1.4 Choose appropriate resilient storage

1 / 1 point

Transfer the files to Amazon S3 and access that data from the EC2 instances.

Transfer the files to the EC2 Instance Store attached to the EC2 instances.

Transfer the files to Amazon EFS and mount that file system to the EC2 instances.

Transfer the files to one EBS volume and mount that volume to the EC2 instances.

정답 3번

Correct

Correct. Amazon EFS is well suited to support a broad spectrum of use cases from home directories to business-critical applications. Amazon EFS is designed to provide massively parallel shared access to thousands of EC2 instances. To learn more, see: Amazon Elastic File System

29.

Question 29

A company is designing a human genome application using multiple Amazon EC2 Linux instances. The high performance computing (HPC) application requires low latency and high performance network communication between the instances. Which solution provides the LOWEST latency between the instances?

1.1 Design a multi-tier architecture solution

0 / 1 point

Launch the EC2 instances in a cluster placement group. è 이게 답인가?

Launch the EC2 instances in a spread placement group.

Launch the EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group spanning multiple Regions.

Launch the EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group spanning multiple Availability Zones within a Region.

Incorrect

Incorrect. Because a HPC platform would require packing instances close together, instances that span Availability Zones would not provide the lowest network latency. To learn more, see: What is Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling?

정답 1번 – 두번째 시도에 맞춤
Correct

Correct. In an EC2 cluster placement group, instances are physically close together inside an Availability Zone. With this strategy, workloads can achieve the low-latency network performance that is needed for tightly coupled, node-to-node communication that is typical of HPC applications. To learn more, see: Placement groups

30.

Question 30

A company has a web application in which customers can log in and read near-real-time status updates about their orders. The company hosts the application on Amazon EC2 instances and is expanding the application from the eu-west-1 Region into the us-east-1 Region. The application relies on an Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The company already has provisioned the necessary EC2 instances in the new Region. The company needs to deploy the application in us-east-1 with the least possible change to the application. The company also needs fast, local database queries in both Regions. Which modification of the database will meet these requirements?

2.4 Choose high-performing database solutions for a workload.

1 / 1 point

Migrate the RDS database to an Amazon Aurora global database. Add a secondary cluster in us-east-1.

Migrate the RDS database to an Amazon Aurora Serverless database. Configure automatic scaling in us-east-1.

Migrate the RDS database to an Amazon DynamoDB table. Create global tables for us-east-1.

Place an accelerator from AWS Global Accelerator in front of the RDS database to reduce the network latency from us-east-1.

정답 1번

Correct

Correct. This solution meets the requirements, and is designed for a replica latency of approximately 1 second. By using the global database, users receive a low-read latency, with writes occurring on the primary database cluster in eu-west-1. The current application can continue to use existing code that points to the local Aurora instance. To learn more, see: Using Amazon Aurora global databases

31.

Question 31

A company is building a distributed application, which will send sensor IoT data-- including weather conditions and wind speed from wind turbines--to the AWS Cloud for further processing. Because the nature of the data is spiky, the application needs to be able to scale. It is important to store the streaming data in a key-value database and then send it over to a centralized data lake, where it can be transformed, analyzed, and combined with diverse organizational datasets to derive meaningful insights and make predictions. Which combination of solutions would accomplish the business need with minimal operational overhead? (Select TWO.)

2.4 Choose high-performing database solutions for a workload.

0 / 1 point

Configure Amazon Kinesis to deliver streaming data to an Amazon S3 data lake. è 이게 답인가?
Correct

Correct. Kinesis can send streaming data to an Amazon S3 data lake. To learn more, see: Build a data lake using Amazon Kinesis Data Streams for Amazon DynamoDB and Apache Hudi

Use Amazon DocumentDB to store IoT sensor data.

Write AWS Lambda functions to deliver streaming data to Amazon S3.

Use Amazon DynamoDB to store the IoT sensor data, and enable DynamoDB Streams.

Correct

Correct. DynamoDB Streams can be used to start Lambda functions. Lambda could then be used to send an Amazon SNS notification, or take corrective measures if the threshold is breached. To learn more about DynamoDB Streams, see: Change Data Capture for DynamoDB Streams To learn more about use cases for DynamoDB Streams, see: DynamoDB Streams Use Cases and Design Patterns

Use Amazon Kinesis to deliver streaming data to Amazon Redshift, and enable Amazon Redshift Spectrum.

This should not be selected

Incorrect. Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose can deliver streaming data to Amazon Redshift. However, S3 is better choice for a data lake where data can be transformed, analyzed, and combined with diverse organizational datasets to derive meaningful insights and make predictions.

정답 1,4번 – 두번째 시도에 맞춤

Amazon Web Services (AWS) Certified - 4 Certifications!

Videos, labs & practice exams - AWS Certified (Solutions Architect, Developer, SysOps Administrator, Cloud Practitioner)

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Section 2: AWS Certified Developer Associate Quiz

The ec2-net-utils package is installed on Amazon Linux instances only. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/MultipleIP.html

Question 1:

After you assign a secondary private IPv4 address to your instance, you need to configure the operating system on your instance to recognize the secondary private IP address. If you are using an Ubuntu Linux instance, the ec2-net-utils package can take care of this step for you.

• ​True
• ​False v

A queue name can have up to 80 characters. The following characters are accepted: alphanumeric characters, hyphens (-), and underscores (_). Queue names are case-sensitive.

Question 2:

Test-queue and test-queue are different queue names.

• ​True v
• ​False

See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/MultipleIP.html

Question 3:

You want to host multiple secure websites on a single EC2 server using multiple SSL certificates. How can you achieve this?

• ​Assign a secondary private IPv4 address to a second attached network interface. Associate an elastic IP address with the private IPv4 address.  v
• ​Assign a secondary public IPv4 address to a second attached network interface. Associate an elastic IP address with the public IPv4 address.
• ​Assign a secondary private IPv6 address to a second attached network interface. Associate an elastic IP address with the private IPv6 address.
• ​Assign a secondary public IPv6 address to a second attached network interface. Associate an elastic IP address with the public IPv6 address.
• ​None of the above

The application must be packaged using the CLI package command and deployed using the CLI deploy command. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/cloudformation/package.html https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/cloudformation/deploy/index.html https://docs.aws.amazon.com/serverless-application-model/latest/developerguide/serverless-quick-start.html

Question 4:

You have created and tested an example Lambda Node.js application from the AWS Serverless Application Repository. What are the next steps? 

• ​Cloudformation CLI package and deploy commands  v
• ​Cloudformation CLI create-stack and update-stack commands 
• ​Cloudformation CLI package-stack and deploy-stack commands 
• ​Cloudformation CLI create-change-set and deploy-change-set 

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/with-kinesis.html

Question 5:

You have an Amazon Kinesis Stream that is consuming records from an application. The kinesis Stream consists of multiple shards.  A Lambda function will process the records from the Kinesis Stream. What order will the records be processed. 

• ​In the exact order it is received by the kinesis Stream on a FIFO basis 
• ​In the exact order it is received by each Kinesis shard on a FIFO basis.  Order across shards is not guaranteed.   V
• ​A standard kinesis stream does not have a guaranteed order. A FIFO kinesis stream will have the exact order it is received on a FIFO basis. 
• ​A standard kinesis stream does not have a guaranteed order. A LIFO kinesis stream will have the exact order it is received on a LIFO basis. 

AWS Step Functions lets you coordinate multiple AWS services into serverless workflows so you can build and update apps quickly. Using Step Functions, you can design and run workflows that stitch together services such as AWS Lambda and Amazon ECS into feature-rich applications. Workflows are made up of a series of steps, with the output of one step acting as input into the next. Application development is simpler and more intuitive using Step Functions, because it translates your workflow into a state machine diagram that is easy to understand, easy to explain to others, and easy to change.

Question 6:

You have an application that requires coordination between serverless and server based distributed applications. You would like to implement this as a state machine. What AWS service would you use?

• ​SQS and SNS 
• ​AWS Step Functions  v
• ​EC2 and SNS 
• ​AWS Amplify 

Server-side encryption is about data encryption at rest—that is, Amazon S3 encrypts your data at the object level as it writes it to disks in its data centers and decrypts it for you when you access it. As long as you authenticate your request and you have access permissions, there is no difference in the way you access encrypted or unencrypted objects. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/serv-side-encryption.html

Question 7:

You have enabled server side encryption on an S3 bucket. How do you decrypt objects?

• ​The key will be located in the KMS
• ​The key can be accessed from the IAM console.
• ​S3 automatically decrypts objects when you download them.  v
• ​None of the above

RDS does not support autoscaling or load balancers Multi AZ deployment only affects availability Increasing the rds instance size increases write and read capacity Read replicas will increase the read capacity. Each read replica will have a different connection string. Route53 can be used to route requests to different instances each time.

Question 8:

You would like to increase the capacity of an rds application for read heavy workloads.  How would you do this?

• ​Create an rds auto scaling group and load balancer 
• ​Use multi AZ deployment 
• ​Increase the size of the rds instance 
• ​Add read replicas with multiple connection strings and use Route 53 Multivalue Answer Routing.   v

Bucket policies can only be applied at the bucket level not objects. You can although change object permissions using access control lists (ACLs). See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/s3-access-control.html

Question 9:

How can you apply an S3 bucket policy to an object?

• ​Use the CLI --grants option
• ​Use the CLI --policy option
• ​Use the CLI --permissions option
• ​None of the above v

User data is specified by you at instance launch. Instance metadata is data about your instance. Because your instance metadata is available from your running instance, you do not need to use the Amazon EC2 console, SDK or the AWS CLI. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html

Question 10:

You have a web application running on an ec2 instance that needs to know the IP address that it is running on. How can the application get this information?

• ​Use Curl or Get command to http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/   v
• ​Use Curl or Get command to http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data 
• ​Use API/SDK command get-host-address 
• ​Use API/SDK command get-host-ip 

New volumes are raw block devices, and you need to create a file system on them before you can mount and use them. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ebs-using-volumes.html

Question 11:

New EBS volumes are pre-formatted with a file system on them so you can easily mount and use them.

• ​True
• ​False  v

See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/console_account-alias.html

Question 12:

You have created an alias in IAM for your company called super-duper-co. What will be the login address for your IAM users?

• ​https://super-duper-co.iam.aws.amazon.com/console/
• ​https://super-duper-co.aws.iam.amazon.com/console/
• ​https://super-duper-co.signin.aws.amazon.com/console/
• ​None of the above

You can configure health checks, which are used to monitor the health of the registered instances so that the load balancer can send requests only to the healthy instances. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/userguide/what-is-load-balancing.html

Question 13:

You have an ELB with multiple EC2 instances registered. One of the instances is unhealthy and not receiving traffic. After the instance becomes healthy again you will need to:

• ​Change the private IP address of the instance and register with ELB
• ​Change the public IP address of the instance and register with ELB
• ​Do nothing, the ELB will automatically direct traffic to the instance when it becomes healthy.  v
• ​None of the above

Never store credentials in application code. Roles used to be the preferred option before the introduction of VPC S3 endpoints. See: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-vpc-endpoint-for-amazon-s3/

Question 14:

You have an application running on an EC2 instance inside a VPC that requires access to Amazon S3. What is the best solution?

• ​Use AWS configure SDK command in your application to pass credentials via application code.
• ​Create an IAM role for the EC2 instance
• ​Create a VPC S3 endpoint   v
• ​None of the above

A subnet can only be associated with one route table at a time, but you can associate multiple subnets with the same route table. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonVPC/latest/UserGuide/VPC_Route_Tables.html

Question 15:

A VPC subnet can only be associated with one route table at a time, and you cannot associate multiple subnets with the same route table.

• ​True
• ​False  v

If you are writing code that uses other resources, such as a graphics library for image processing, or you want to use the AWS CLI instead of the console, you need to first create the Lambda function deployment package, and then use the console or the CLI to upload the package. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/nodejs-create-deployment-pkg.html

Question 16:

You have a node.js lambda function that relies upon and external graphics library. What is the best way to include the external graphics library without consuming excessive lambda compute resources. 

• ​Install the libraries with NPM before creating the deployment package   v
• ​Run an Arbitrary Executable script in AWS Lambda to install the libraries 
• ​Create a second lambda function to install the libraries 
• ​Upload library to S3 and import when lambda function executed. 

No such thing as an API deployment package or API snapshot. Stages are used to roll out updated APIs. Each stage will have its own URL as follows: https://api-id.execute-api.region.amazonaws.com/stage

Question 17:

You have created a JavaScript browser application that calls and API running on Amazon API Gateway.  You have made a breaking change to your API and you want to minimise the impact on existing users of your application. You would like all users to be migrated over to the new API within one month. What can you do? 

• ​Create a new API and use the new URL in your updated JavaScript application. Delete  the old API after 1 month. 
• ​Create a new stage and use the new URL in your updated JavaScript application. Delete  the old stage after 1 month.   v
• ​Create a new API deployment package and use the new URL in your updated JavaScript application. Delete the old deployment package after 1 month. 
• ​Create a new stage and use the new URL in your updated JavaScript application. Create an API snapshot then delete the stage after 1 month. 

See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/awsaccountbilling/latest/aboutv2/consolidated-billing.html

Question 18:

Your organisation would like to have clear separation of costs between departments. What is the best way to achieve this?

• ​Tag resources by department
• ​Tag resources by IAM group
• ​Tag resources by IAM role
• ​Create separate AWS accounts for departments and use consolidated billing.  v
• ​None of the above

We recommend that you save access logs in a different bucket so that you can easily manage the logs. If you choose to save access logs in the source bucket, we recommend that you specify a prefix for all log object keys so that the object names begin with a common string and the log objects are easier to identify. When your source bucket and target bucket are the same bucket, additional logs are created for the logs that are written to the bucket. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/ServerLogs.html#server-access-logging-overview

Question 19:

You have implemented server access logging on an S3 bucket. Your source and target buckets are the same. You are finding that your logs are significantly more then the actual objects being uploaded.  What is happening? 

• ​You have enabled S3 replication on the log entries. 
• ​You did not select compression on the S3 logs. 
• ​S3 is creating growing logs of logs.    v
• ​You did not select compression on the S3 lifecycle policy 

You can add an approval action to a stage in an AWS CodePipeline pipeline at the point where you want the pipeline to stop so someone can manually approve or reject the action. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codepipeline/latest/userguide/approvals-action-add.html

Question 20:

You would like to implement an approval process before a stage is deployed on AWS codepipeline. How would you do this? 

• ​Implement CloudTrail monitoring for the PipeLine 
• ​Implement CloudWatch monitoring for the PipeLine 
• ​Apply an IAM Role to the PipeLine 
• ​Add an approval action to the stage    v

You can detach an Amazon EBS volume from an instance explicitly or by terminating the instance. However, if the instance is running, you must first unmount the volume from the instance. If an EBS volume is the root device of an instance, you must stop the instance before you can detach the volume. When a volume with an AWS Marketplace product code is detached from an instance, the product code is no longer associated with the instance. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ebs-detaching-volume.html

Question 21:

You have an EBS volume  which also the root device attached to a running EC2 instance. What do you need to do to enable you to detach it?

• ​Unmount the volume then detach.
• ​Stop the instance then detach.   v
• ​Unmount volume, then stop the instance and then detach
• ​None of the above

You can make API requests directly or by using an integrated AWS service that makes API requests to AWS KMS on your behalf. The limit applies to both kinds of requests. You might store data in Amazon S3 using server-side encryption with AWS KMS (SSE-KMS). Each time you upload or download an S3 object that's encrypted, Amazon S3 makes a GenerateDataKey (for uploads) or Decrypt (for downloads) request to AWS KMS on your behalf. These requests count toward your limit, so AWS KMS throttles the requests. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/kms/latest/developerguide/limits.html#requests-per-second

Question 22:

You have a JavaScript application that is used to upload objects to Amazon S3 by hundreds of thousands of clients. You are using server side encryption with the AWS Key Management Service. You are finding that many requests are not working. What is going on? 

• ​You have KMS key rotation implemented 
• ​You have exceeded the KMS API call limit    v
• ​The user STS token has expired 
• ​There is a problem with the bucket permissions 

If the front-end connection uses TCP or SSL, then your back-end connections can use either TCP or SSL. If the front-end connection uses HTTP or HTTPS, then your back-end connections can use either HTTP or HTTPS. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/classic/elb-listener-config.html

Question 23:

If the front-end connection of your Classic ELB uses HTTP or HTTPS, then your back-end connections can use ___________.

• ​TCP or SSL
• ​TCP, SSL, HTTP or HTTPS
• ​HTTP or HTTPS       v
• ​None of the above

A bucket owner cannot grant permissions on objects it does not own. For example, a bucket policy granting object permissions applies only to objects owned by the bucket owner. However, the bucket owner, who pays the bills, can write a bucket policy to deny access to any objects in the bucket, regardless of who owns it. The bucket owner can also delete any objects in the bucket. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/access-policy-alternatives-guidelines.html

Question 24:

You have given S3 bucket access to another AWS account. You are trying to change an object's permissions but can't. What do you need to do?

• ​Change the bucket ACL to public
• ​Change the bucket policy to public
• ​Ask the object owner to change permissions    v
• ​None of the above

Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) defines a way for client web applications that are loaded in one domain to interact with resources in a different domain. With CORS support in Amazon S3, you can build rich client-side web applications with Amazon S3 and selectively allow cross-origin access to your Amazon S3 resources. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/cors.html

Question 25:

You have a HTML5 website with a custom domain name on S3. You have a public software library on another S3 bucket but your browser prevents it from loading. What do you need to do?

• ​create a public bucket policy
• ​enable CORS on the website bucket    v
• ​create a public bucket ACL
• ​create a public object ACL
• ​None of the above

Long polling helps reduce your cost of using Amazon SQS by reducing the number of empty response. You can enable long polling using the AWS Management Console by setting a Receive Message Wait Time to a value greater than 0. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/SQSDeveloperGuide/sqs-long-polling.html

Question 26:

You have an application that is polling an SQS queue continuously and wasting resources when the queue is empty. What can you do to reduce the resource overhead?

• ​Implement a load balancer
• ​Implement a load balancer and autoscaling group of EC2 instances
• ​Implement a load balancer, autoscaling group of EC2 instances linked to a queue length CloudWatch alarm
• ​Increase ReceiveMessageWaitTimeSeconds     v
• ​Increase queue visibility Timeout
• ​None of the above

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-app.html#lambda-app-deploy

Question 27:

You have created a NodeJS Lambda function that requires access to multiple third party packages and libraries.  The function integrates with other AWS serverless services. You would like to deploy this application and be able to rollback any deployments that are not successful. 

• ​Create a zip file containing your code and libraries. Upload the deployment package using the AWS CLI/SDKs CreateFunction. 
• ​Create a zip file containing your code and libraries. Upload the deployment package using the Lambda console. 
• ​Create a zip file containing your code and libraries. Upload the deployment package using the Lambda console or AWS CLI/SDKs CreateFunction.     v
• ​Create a zip file containing your code and libraries. Upload the deployment package using the Serverless application model (SAM) console. 

Amazon RDS uses the MariaDB, MySQL, and PostgreSQL (version 9.3.5 and later) DB engines' built-in replication functionality to create a special type of DB instance called a Read Replica from a source DB instance. Updates made to the source DB instance are asynchronously copied to the Read Replica. When a replica is promoted to master it no longer synchronizes with source DB but other instance still synchronize with source DB. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_ReadRepl.html#USER_ReadRepl.Promote

Question 28:

If you have multiple Read Replicas for a master DB Instance and you promote one of them, the remaining Read Replicas will still replicate from the older master DB Instance.

• ​True    v
• ​False

When you update a stack, you submit changes, such as new input parameter values or an updated template. AWS CloudFormation compares the changes you submit with the current state of your stack and updates only the changed resources. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSCloudFormation/latest/UserGuide/using-cfn-updating-stacks.html

Question 29:

When you update a stack, you modify the original stack template then AWS CloudFormation :

• ​updates only the resources that you modified     v
• ​updates all the resources defined in the template
• ​None of the above

When you rename a DB instance, the endpoint for the DB instance changes, because the URL includes the name you assigned to the DB instance. You should always redirect traffic from the old URL to the new one. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_RenameInstance.html

Question 30:

When you rename a DB instance, the endpoint for the DB instance does not change.

• ​True
• ​False   v

Once you version-enable a bucket, it can never return to an unversioned state. You can, however, suspend versioning on that bucket. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/Versioning.html

Question 31:

Once you version-enable a bucket, it can never return to an unversioned state.

• ​True    v
• ​False

All read replicas associated with a DB instance remain associated with that instance after it is renamed. For example, suppose you have a DB instance that serves your production database and the instance has several associated read replicas. If you rename the DB instance and then replace it in the production environment with a DB snapshot, the DB instance that you renamed will still have the read replicas associated with it. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_RenameInstance.html

Question 32:

All read replicas associated with a DB instance remain associated with that instance after it is renamed.

• ​True    v
• ​False

An application on the instance retrieves the security credentials provided by the role from the instance metadata item iam/security-credentials/role-name. The application is granted the permissions for the actions and resources that you've defined for the role through the security credentials associated with the role. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/iam-roles-for-amazon-ec2.html#instance-metadata-security-credentials

Question 33:

How can you check an IAM role for permissions to a Kinesis stream is associated to an EC2 instance? 

• ​CLI command STSAssumeRole followed by describeStreams 
• ​Check the EC2 instance metadata at iam/security-credentials/role-name     v
• ​Check the Kinesis stream logs using the console 
• ​SDK command STSAssumeRole followed by describeStreams 

/tmp (local storage) is guaranteed to be available during the execution of your Lambda function. Lambda will reuse your function when possible, and when it does, the content of /tmp will be preserved along with any processes you had running when you previously exited. However, Lambda doesn't guarantee that a function invocation will be reused, so the contents of /tmp (along with the memory of any running processes) could disappear at any time. You should think of /tmp as a way to cache information that can be regenerated or for operations that require a local filesystem, but not as a permanent

Question 34:

You have a browser application hosted on Amazon S3. It is making requests to an AWS lambda function.  Every time the lambda function is called you lose the session data on the lambda function. What is the best way to store the data used across multiple lambda functions. 

• ​Store in lambda function localstorage 
• ​Use AWS SQS 
• ​Use Amazon Dynamodb      v
• ​Use an Amazon Kinesis data stream 

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/GuidelinesForTables.html

Question 35:

You have created an e-commerce site using DynamoDB. When creating a primary key on a table which of the following would be the best attribute for the primary key?

• ​division_id where there are few divisions to many products
• ​user_id where there are many users to few products      v
• ​product_id where there are many products to many users
• ​None of the above

Changes the visibility timeout of a specified message in a queue to a new value. The maximum allowed timeout value is 12 hours. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/APIReference/API_ChangeMessageVisibility.html

Question 36:

Using ChangeMessageVisibility from the AWS SQS API will do what?

• ​Changes the visibility timeout of a specified message in a queue to a new value.   v
• ​Changes the message visibility from true to false.
• ​Deletes the message after a period of time.
• ​None of the above

To host your static website, you configure an Amazon S3 bucket for website hosting and then upload your website content to the bucket. The website is then available at the region-specific website endpoint of the bucket: .s3-website-.amazonaws.com See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/WebsiteHosting.html

Question 37:

You've enabled website hosting on a bucket named 'backspace.academy' in the us-east-1 (us standard region). Select the URL you'll receive from AWS as the URL for the bucket.

• ​backspace.academy.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com     v
• ​backspace.academy.s3-website.amazonaws.com
• ​backspace.academy.us-east-1-s3-website.amazonaws.com
• ​backspace.academy.s3-website-us-east.amazonaws.com

Lambda by default can handle up to 1000 concurrent executions. Elasticache will not speed up writes it will only speed up read access. Increasing the size of the rds instance will increase its capacity to handle concurrent connections.

Question 38:

You have created a lambda function to  insert information to an RDS database over 20 times per minute.  You are finding that the execution time is excessive. How can you improve the  performance? 

• ​increase the compute capacity of the lambda function to enable more concurrent  connections 
• ​increase the memory of the lambda function to enable more concurrent  connections 
• ​increase the size of the rds instance      v
• ​implement elasticache in front of the database. 

The application must: - have the X-ray Daemon running on it and, - assume a role that has xray:PutTraceSegments and xray:PutTelemetryRecords permissions.

Question 39:

You are using AWS X-ray to record trace data for requests to your application running on EC2. Unfortunately the trace data is not appearing in the X-ray console. You are in the Sao Paulo region. What is the most probable cause? 

• ​You do not have permission for x-ray console access 
• ​the ec2 instance does not have a role with permissions to send trace segments or telemetry records      v
• ​AWS X-ray does not support ec2 instances 
• ​Sao Paulo region does not support AWS X-ray 

See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/mpUploadComplete.html

Question 40:

Parts of a multipart upload will not be completed until the 'complete' request has been called which puts all the parts of the file together.

• ​True     v
• ​False

Deployment package size limits cannot be changed. Create multiple Lambda functions and coordinate using AWS Step Functions to reduce the package sizes. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/limits.html

Question 41:

You have created a lambda function that is failing when deployed due to the size of the deployment package zip file. What can you do? 

• ​Request a limit increase from AWS 
• ​Create multiple Lambda functions and coordinate using AWS Step Functions 
• ​Upload as a tar file with higher compression 
• ​Increase Lambda function memory allocation 

See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/LSI.html

Question 42:

The hash key of the DynamoDB __________ is the same attribute as the hash key of the table. The range key can be any scalar table attribute.

• ​Local Secondary Index      v
• ​Local Primary Index
• ​Global Secondary Index
• ​Global Primary Index

The DisableApiTermination attribute controls whether the instance can be terminated using the console, CLI, or API. By default, termination protection is disabled for your instance. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/terminating-instances.html#Using_ChangingDisableAPITermination

Question 43:

The DisableConsoleTermination attribute controls whether the instance can be terminated using the console, CLI, or API. By default, termination protection is disabled.

• ​True
• ​False     v

There is no such thing as requireMFA. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) increases security for your app by adding another authentication method, and not relying solely on user name and password. You can choose to use SMS text messages, or time-based one-time (TOTP) passwords as second factors in signing in your users. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cognito/latest/developerguide/user-pool-settings-mfa.html

Question 44:

You have developed a browser JavaScript application that uses the AWS software development kit.  The application accesses sensitive data and you would like to implement Multi Factor authentication. How would you achieve this? 

• ​Use IAM Multi Factor authentication (MFA) 
• ​Use Cognito Multi Factor authentication (MFA)       v
• ​Use requireMFA in the AWS SDK 
• ​Use IAM.requireMFA in the AWS SDK 

Packages the local artifacts (local paths) that your AWS CloudFormation template references. The command uploads local artifacts, such as source code for an AWS Lambda function or a Swagger file for an AWS API Gateway REST API, to an S3 bucket. The command returns a copy of your template, replacing references to local artifacts with the S3 location where the command uploaded the artifacts. After you package your template's artifacts, run the deploy command to deploy the returned template. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/cloudformation/package.html

Question 45:

You would like to deploy an AWS lambda function using the AWS CLI.  Before deploying what needs to be done? 

• ​Create a role for the AWS CLI with lambda permissions 
• ​Package the local artefacts to S3 using cloudformation package CLI command    v
• ​Package the local artefacts to Lambda using cloudformation package CLI command 
• ​Package the local artefacts to SAM using sam package CLI command 

In API Gateway, an API's method request can take a payload in a different format from the corresponding integration request payload, as required in the backend. Similarly, the backend may return an integration response payload different from the method response payload, as expected by the frontend. API Gateway lets you use mapping templates to map the payload from a method request to the corresponding integration request and from an integration response to the corresponding method response. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/apigateway/latest/developerguide/models-mappings.html

Question 46:

You would like to use Amazon API gateway to interface with an existing SOAP/XML backend.  API Gateway will receive requests and forward them to the SOAP backend. How can you achieve this? 

• ​Use API Gateway mapping templates to transform the data for the SOAP backend    v
• ​Use API Gateway data translation to transform the data for the SOAP backend 
• ​Use a Lambda function to transform the data for the SOAP backend 
• ​Use an EC2 instance with a load balancer to transform the data for the SOAP backend. 

A single operation can retrieve up to 16 MB of data, which can contain as many as 100 items. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/APIReference/API_BatchGetItem.html

Question 47:

A single DynamoDB BatchGetItem request can retrieve up to 16 MB of data, which can contain as many as 25 items.

• ​True
• ​False    v

BucketAlreadyExists BucketNotEmpty http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/ErrorResponses.html#RESTErrorResponses

Question 48:

The following error codes would have a HTTP Status Code 409

  AccessDenied
  BucketAlreadyExists
  BucketNotEmpty
  IncompleteBody

• ​True
• ​False    v

A tag is a label that you or AWS assigns to an AWS resource. Each tag consists of a key and a value. A key can have more than one value. You can use tags to organize your resources, and cost allocation tags to track your AWS costs on a detailed level. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awsaccountbilling/latest/aboutv2/cost-alloc-tags.html

Question 49:

You can use tags to organize your AWS bill to reflect your own cost structure.

• ​True      v
• ​False

Scan operations proceed sequentially; however, for faster performance on a large table or secondary index, applications can request a parallel Scan operation by providing the Segment and TotalSegments parameters A parallel scan with a large number of workers can easily consume all of the provisioned throughput for the table or index being scanned. It is best to avoid such scans if the table or index is also incurring heavy read or write activity from other applications. To control the amount of data returned per request, use the Limit parameter. This can help prevent situations where one worke

Question 50:

You would like to increase the throughput of a table scan but still leave capacity for the day to day workload. How would you do this? 

• ​use a sequential scan with rate-limit parameter. 
• ​use a parallel scan with rate-limit parameter       v
• ​use a query scan with rate-limit parameter 
• ​Increase read capacity on a schedule. 

100x2=200, 4kb (rounded up) read units required http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/HowItWorks.ProvisionedThroughput.html

Question 51:

Your items are 6KB in size and you want to have 100 strongly consistent reads per second. How many DynamoDB read capacity units do you need to provision?

• ​100
• ​200   v
• ​300
• ​600

See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/request-rate-perf-considerations.html

Question 52:

If you anticipate that your S3 workload will consistently exceed 100 PUT/LIST/DELETE requests per second or more than 300 GET requests per second, you should avoid sequential key names

• ​True      v
• ​False

You can use the CreateQueue action to create a delay queue by setting the DelaySeconds attribute to any value between 0 and 900 (15 minutes). You can also change an existing queue into a delay queue using the SetQueueAttributes action to set the queue's DelaySeconds attribute. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/SQSDeveloperGuide/sqs-delay-queues.html

Question 53:

You can use CreateQueue to create an SQS delay queue by setting the DelaySeconds attribute to any value between 0 and 900 (15 minutes).

• ​True      v
• ​False

IAM users must explicitly be given permissions to administer users or credentials for themselves or for other IAM users. See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_delegate-permissions.html

Question 54:

IAM users do not need to be explicitly given permissions to administer credentials for themselves.

• ​True
• ​False   v

See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/SQSDeveloperGuide/sqs-visibility-timeout.html

Question 55:

Each queue starts with a default setting of 30 seconds for the visibility timeout.

• ​True     v
• ​False

In addition to simple retries, each AWS SDK implements exponential backoff algorithm for better flow control. If you're not using an AWS SDK, you should retry original requests that receive server (5xx) or throttling errors. However, client errors (4xx) indicate that you need to revise the request to correct the problem before trying again. If the rate is still being exceeded then contact AWS to increase the limit. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/api-retries.html

Question 56:

You have developed an application that calls the Amazon CloudWatch API. Every now and again your application receives ThrottlingException HTTP Status Code: 400 errors when making GetMetricData calls. How can you fix this problem? 

• ​Implement exponential backoff algorithm for retries      v
• ​Use the GetBatchData API call 
• ​Request a limit increase from AWS 
• ​Increase CloudWatch IOPS 

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codebuild/latest/userguide/getting-started.html#getting-started-build-log

Question 57:

Your AWS CodeBuild project keeps failing to compile your code.  How can you identify what is happening? 

• ​Define a Cloudwatch event in your buildspec.yml file 
• ​Enable Cloudtrail logging 
• ​Enable Cloudwatch logs 
• ​Check the build logs in the CodeBuild console       v

You can work with tags using the AWS Management Console, the AWS CLI, and the Amazon EC2 API. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/Using_Tags.html

Question 58:

You can work with tags using the AWS Management Console, the Amazon EC2 command line interface (CLI), and the Amazon EC2 API.

• ​True     v
• ​False

The demand is not continuous so it is best to back off and try again. If the demand was continuous then you would look at increasing capacity. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Programming.Errors.html#Programming.Errors.MessagesAndCodes See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Programming.Errors.html#Programming.Errors.RetryAndBackoff

Question 59:

You have a dynamodb table that keeps reporting many failed requests with a ProvisionedThroughputExceededException in Cloudwatch. The requests are not continuous but a number of times during the day for a few seconds.  What is the best solution for reducing the errors?

• ​create a cloudwatch alarm to retry the failed request 
• ​Implement exponential backoff and retry         v
• ​Increase the provision capacity of the dynamodb table 
• ​implement a secondary index 

See: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/APIReference/API_GetQueueAttributes.html

Question 60:

__________________ returns the approximate number of SQS messages that are not timed-out and not deleted. 

• ​NumberOfMessagesNotVisible
• ​ApproximateNumberOfMessagesNotVisible        v
• ​ApproximateNumberOfMessages
• ​ApproximateNumberOfMessagesVisible
• ​None of the above

https://free-braindumps.com/amazon/free-aws-certified-cloud-practitioner-braindumps.html?p=1

QUESTION: 1
What is the term used to describe giving an AWS user only access to the exact services he/she
needs to do the required job and nothing more?

A. The Least Privilege User Principal
B. The Principal of Least Privilege
C. The Only Access Principal.
D. None of the above

Answer(s): B

QUESTION: 2
What you create and S3 bucket, what rules must be followed regarding the bucket name?
(Choose two)

A. Bucket names must be unique across all of AWS.
B. Bucket names must be between 3-63 characters in length.
C. Bucket names must contain at least one uppercase letter
D. Bucket names can be formatted as IP addresses

Answer(s): A, B
Explanation:
Although certain regions do allow for uppercase letters in the bucket name, uppercase letters
are NOT required. Also, a bucket name cannot be formatted as an IP address.

QUESTION: 3
What are the main benefits of On-Demand EC2 instances? (Choose two)

A. They are the cheapest buying option.
B. They are the most filexible buying option.
C. They require 1-2 days for setup and configuration.
D. Create, start, stop, and terminate at any time.

Answer(s): B, D
Explanation:
On-demand EC2 instances are widely used due to their filexibility. You can create, start, stop,
and terminate at any time (with no startup or termination fees). Although due to this filexibility,
they are the most expensive buying option.

QUESTION: 4
What AWS service must you use if you want to configure an AWS bil ing alarm?

A. CloudWatch
B. CloudMonitor
C. Consolidated bil ing
D. CloudTrail

Answer(s): A

Explanation:
CloudWatch is the AWS service that allows you to collect metrics, and create alarms based on
those metrics. Bil ing metrics can be tracked in CloudWatch, therefore bil ing alarms can be
created.

QUESTION: 5
What are some common uses of AWS? (Choose four)

A. Networking
B. Analytics
C. Storage
D. Virtualization

Answer(s): A, B, C, D
Explanation:
Al of the answers are common uses of AWS. AWS has thousands of different uses. In this
course we discussed some of the major categories, including: Storage Compute Power
Databases Networking Analytics Developer Tools Virtualization Security

QUESTION: 6
How much data can you store in S3?

A. Storage capacity is virtual y unlimited.
B. You can store up to 1 petabyte of data.
C. Each account is given 50 gigabytes of storage capacity and no more can be used.
D. You can store up to 1 petabyte of data, then you are required to pay an additional fee.

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
Although there is theoretically a capacity limit, as an S3 user, there is no limited on the amount
of data you can store in S3.

QUESTION: 7
You have just set up a brand new AWS account. You want to keep monthly bil ing under $100,
but you are worried about going over that limit. What can you set up in order to be notified when
the monthly bil approaches $100?

A. A CloudTrail bil ing alarm that triggers an SNS notification to your email address.
B. A SNS bil ing alarm that triggers a CloudWatch notification to your email address.
C. A CloudWatch bil ing alarm that triggers an SNS notification to your email address.
D. A CloudWatch bil ing alarm that triggers a CloudTrail notification to your email address.

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
In CloudWatch, you can set up a bil ing alarm that will trigger when your monthly bil hit the set
threshold. That alarm can then be set up to trigger an SNS topic that wil send you a notification
that the alarm threshold as been met.

QUESTION: 8
What best describes the purpose of having many Availability Zones in each AWS region?

A. Multiple Availability Zones allow for fault tolerance but not high availability.
B. Multiple Availability Zones allow for cheaper prices due to competition between them.
C. Multiple Availability Zones allow for duplicate and redundant compute, and data backups.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
Availability Zones work together within a region to provide users with the ability to easily setup
and configure redundant architecture and backup solutions

QUESTION: 9
What TWO services/features are required to have highly available and fault tolerant architecture
in AWS? (Choose two)

A. Elastic Load Balancer
B. CloudFront
C. ElastiCache
D. Auto Scaling

Answer(s): A, D

QUESTION: 10
Which S3 storage class has lowest object availability rating?

A. Standard
B. Reduced Redundancy
C. Infrequent Access
D. Al of them have the same availability rating

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
Infrequent access has the lowest availability rating (99.90%). Standard and Reduced
Redundancy have an availability rating of 99.99%

QUESTION: 11
Your company's upper management is getting very nervous about managing governance,
compliance, and risk auditing in AWS. What service should you enable and inform upper
management about?

A. CloudAudit
B. CloudTrail
C. CloudCompliance
D. CloudWatch

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
AWS CloudTrail is designed to log all actions taken in your AWS account. This provides a great
resource for governance, compliance, and risk auditing.

QUESTION: 12
The concept of elasticity is most closely associated with which of the following?

A. Auto Scaling
B. Network Security
C. Serverless Computing
D. Elastic Load Balancing

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
Elasticity is the concept that a system can easily (and cost-effectively) both increase in capacity
based on-demand and also shrink in capacity based on-demand. Auto Scaling on AWS is
specifically designed to (automatically) increase and decrease server capacity based on-
demand.

QUESTION: 13
Which of the following wil effect how much you are charged for storing objects in S3? (Choose
two)

A. The storage class used for the objects stored.
B. Encrypting data (objects) stored in S3.
C. Creating and deleting S3 buckets
D. The total size in gigabytes of all objects stored.

Answer(s): A, D

QUESTION: 14
What endpoints are possible to send messages to with Simple Notification Service? (Choose
three)

A. SMS
B. FTP
C. SQS
D. Lambda

Answer(s): A, C, D

QUESTION: 15
What does S3 stand for?

A. Simple Storage Service
B. Simplified Storage Service
C. Simple Store Service
D. Service for Simple Storage

Answer(s): A

QUESTION: 16
Big Cloud Jumbo Corp is beginning to explore migrating their entire on-premises data center to
AWS. They are very concerned about how much it will cost once their entire I.T. infrastructure is
running on AWS. What tool can you recommend so that they can estimate what the cost of
using AWS may be?

A. AWS Estimate Calculator
B. AWS TCO Calculator
C. AWS Cost Explorer
D. AWS Migration Cost Calculator

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
The AWS TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) Calculator is a free tool provided by AWS. It allows
you to compare your current on-premises cost vs. estimated AWS cost.

QUESTION: 17
Kunal is managing an application running on an on-premises data center. What best describes
the challenges he faces that someone using the AWS cloud does not?

A. Kunal must research what size (compute capacity) servers he needs to run his application.
B. Kunal must know how to properly configure network level security.
C. Kunal must predict future growth, and scaling can be costly and time consuming.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
Scaling is much faster and cost-effecting on the AWS cloud. With on-demand instances and
autoscaling, future growth does not have to be predicted. More compute capacity can be added
gradual y as demand increases.

QUESTION: 18
What AWS storage class should be used for long-term, archival storage?

A. Glacier
B. Long-Term
C. Standard
D. Infrequent Access

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
Glacier should be used for (and is specifically designed for) long-term, archival storage.

QUESTION: 19
Kim is managing a web application running on the AWS cloud. The application is currently
utilizing eight EC2 servers for its compute platform. Earlier today, two of those web servers
crashed; however, none of her customer were effected. What has Kim done correctly in this
scenario?

A. Properly built an elastic system.
B. Properly built a scalable system
C. Properly build a fault tolerant system.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
A fault tolerant system is one that can sustain a certain amount of failure while stil remaining
operational.

QUESTION: 20
What are the benefits of DynamoDB? (Choose three)

A. Supports multiple known NoSQL database engines like MariaDB and Oracle NoSQL.
B. Automatic scaling of throughput capacity.
C. Single-digit mil isecond latency.
D. Supports both document and key-value store data models.

Answer(s): B, C, D
Explanation:
DynamoDB does not use/support other NoSQL database engines. You only have access to use
DynamoDB's built-in engine.

QUESTION: 21
What best describes penetration testing?

A. Testing your applications ability to penetrate other applications.
B. Testing your IAM users access to AWS services.
C. Testing your own network/application for vulnerabilities.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): C

QUESTION: 22
Why would a company decide to use AWS over an on-premises data center? (Choose four)

A. Highly available infrastructure
B. Elastic resources based on demand
C. No upfront cost
D. Cost-effective

Answer(s): A, B, C, D
Explanation:
Al four answers listed are reasons why a company may decide to use AWS over an on-
premises data center.

QUESTION: 23
You are trying to organize and import (to AWS) gigabytes of data that are currently structured in
JSON-like, name-value documents. What AWS service would best fit your needs?

A. Lambda
B. Aurora
C. RDS
D. DynamoDB

Answer(s): D
Explanation:
DynamoDB is AWS's NoSQL database offering. NoSQL databases are for non-structured data
that are typically stored in JSON-like, name-value documents.

QUESTION: 24
What best describes what AWS is?

A. AWS is an online retailer
B. AWS is the cloud.
C. AWS is a cloud services provider.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): C

QUESTION: 25
What is one benefit AND one drawback of buying a reserved EC2 instance? (Select two)

A. You can terminate the instance at any time without any further pricing commitment.
B. Reserved instances can be purchased as a significant discount over on-demand instances.
C. You can potentially save a lot of money by placing a lower "bid" price.
D. You are locked in to either a one- or three-year pricing commitment.

Answer(s): B, D
Explanation:
Reserved instances require a one- or three-year purchase term, so you are committing to
paying for that much compute capacity for that full time period. However, in exchange for the
long-term commitment, you will receive a discount (of up to 75%) over using an on-demand
instance (for that same time period).

QUESTION: 26
Before moving and/or storing object in AWS Glacier, what considerations should you make
regarding the data you want to store.

A. Make sure the data is properly formatted for storage Glacier.
B. Make sure the total amount of data you want to store in under 1 terabyte in size.
C. Make sure you are ok with it taking at minimum a few minutes to retrieve the data once
stored in Glacier.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
Objects stored in Glacier take time to retrieve. You can pay for expedited retrieval, which will
take several minutes - OR wait several hours (for normal retrieval).

QUESTION: 27
John is working with a large data set, and he needs to import it into a relational database
service. What AWS service will meet his needs?

A. RDS
B. Redshift
C. NoSQL
D. DynamoDB

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
RDS is AWS's relational database service.

QUESTION: 28
Jeff is building a web application on AWS. He wants to make sure his application is highly
available to his customers. What infrastructure components of the AWS cloud allow Jeff to
accomplish this goal? (Choose two)

A. Availability Zones
B. Regional Zones
C. Regions
D. Data Locations

Answer(s): A, C
Explanation:
As part of AWS' global infrastructure, Regions and Availability Zones allow for backups and
duplicate components to be placed in separate (isolated) areas of the globe. If one
region/Availability Zone were to fail, duplicates in other regions/Availability Zones can be used.

QUESTION: 29
What is AWS's serverless compute service?

A. S3
B. Lambda
C. EC2
D. None of the above

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
AWS has two main compute services, EC2 (server-based) and Lambda (serverless).

QUESTION: 30
Stephen is having issues tracking how much compute capacity his application is using. Ideal y,
he wants to track and have alarms for when CPU utilization goes over 70%. What should
Stephen do to accomplish this?

A. Configure an SNS topic with an alarm threshold set to trigger when CPU utilization is greater
than 70%.
B. Configure a CloudWatch alarm with an alarm threshold set to trigger when CPU utilization is
greater than 70%.
C. Configure a CloudWatch alarm with an alarm threshold set to trigger when CPU utilization is
greater than or equal to 70%.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
The answer is to configure a CloudWatch alarm with an alarm threshold set to trigger when
CPU utilization is greater than 70%. This will display the alarm in "alarm" state when CPU
utilization is greater than 70%. This question has been worded very specifically with the works
"goes above 70%". This disqualifies the answer that stated "great than or equal to 70%". The
AWS exam wil have very tricky questions like this.

QUESTION: 31
What is the availability and durability rating of S3 Standard Storage Class?

A. 99.999999999% Durability and 99.99% Availability
B. 99.999999999% Availability and 99.90% Durability
C. 99.999999999% Availability and 99.99% Durability
D. 99.999999999% Durability and 99.00% Availability

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
S3 Standard Storage class has a rating of 99.999999999% durability (referred to as 11 nines)
and 99.99% availability.

QUESTION: 32
If you want to easily share a file with a friend, family or coworker, what AWS solution should you
use?

A. Mail them a flash drive with the file on it.
B. Create an EC2 instance and give provide login credentials so others can access the file.
C. Upload the object to S3 and share it via its object's S3 public object URL.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
You can easily share objects uploaded into S3 by provided others with the object's URL.

QUESTION: 33
S3 storage classes are rated by what two metric categories? (Select two)

A. Objectivity
B. Durability
C. Availability
D. Fault tolerance

Answer(s): B, C
Explanation:
Each S3 storage class is rated on its availability and durability.

QUESTION: 34
If an object is stored in the Standard S3 storage class and you want to move it to Glacier, what
must you do in order to properly migrate it?

A. Delete the object and reupload it, selecting Glacier as the storage class.
B. Create a lifecycle policy that wil migrate it after a minimum of 30 days.
C. Change the storage class directly on the object.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
Any object uploaded to S3 must first be placed into either the Standard, Reduced Redundancy,
or Infrequent Access storage class. Once in S3 the only way to move the object to glacier is
through a lifecycle policy.

QUESTION: 35
What is the most common type of storage used for EC2 instances?

A. Elastic File System (EFS)
B. EC2 Hard Drives
C. Elastic Block Store (EBS)
D. Magnetic Drive (MD)

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
EC2 instance have several different hard drive options. However, Elastic Block Store (EBS),
which is a type of Network Attached Storage, is the most popular and widely used.

QUESTION: 36
What AWS service has built-in DDoS mitigation?

A.      CloudFront
B. CloudTrail
C. CloudWatch
D. EC2

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
With CloudFront, you cache content at Edge Locations, which shield your underlining
application infrastructure from DDoS attacks.

QUESTION: 37
You have been tasked by your department head to upload a batch of files to an S3 bucket;
however, when you select S3 on the AWS console, you see a notification stating that you do not
have permission to access S3. What is the most probable cause of this error?

A. It takes 24 hours go get access to S3.
B. The S3 service is currently down for maintenance.
C. You do not have an S3 access policy attached to your IAM user.
D. Your boss has not enabled proper bucket permissions.

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
If you get an error stating that you do not have proper permissions to access/use and AWS
service, then most likely your IAM user does not have the proper permission policy attached.

QUESTION: 38
What are the benefits of AWS's Relational Database Service (RDS)? (Choose three)

A. Resizable capacity
B. Automated patches and backups
C. Cost-efficient
D. None of the above

Answer(s): A, B, C

QUESTION: 39
Thomas is managing the access rights and credentials for all the employees that have access to
his company's AWS account. This morning, his was notified that some of these accounts may
have been compromised, and he now needs to change the password policy and re-generate a
new password for all users. What AWS service does Thomas need to use in order to
accomplish this?

A. Policy and Access Management
B. Elastic Cloud Compute
C. Access Management
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): D

Explanation:
Identity and Access Management (IAM) is the AWS service where password policies and user
credentials are managed. (Policy and Access Management as a service does not exist).

QUESTION: 40
What are the primary benefits of using Lambda? (Choose two)

A. Pay for only the compute time you consume.
B. Wide variety of operating systems to select from.
C. Actively select and manage instance type and capacity.
D. Run code without provisioning servers.

Answer(s): A, D
Explanation:
Lambda, being AWS's serverless compute platform, means there are no servers, instance
types, or capacity to select. That is all managed for you. With Lambda, you only for the when
your code is actual y being executed.

QUESTION: 41
If you have a set of frequently accessed files that are used on a daily basis, what S3 storage
class should you store them in?

A. Infrequent Access
B. Reduced Redundancy
C. Standard
D. Fast Access

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
The Standard storage class should be used for files that you access on a daily or very frequent
basis.

QUESTION: 42
Which of the following wil effect price you pay for an EC2 instance? (Choose three)

A. Instance Type.
B. Selected Storage Class
C. How long you use the instance for.
D. Amazon Machine Image (AMI).

Answer(s): A, C, D
Explanation:
EC2 instance pricing various depending on many variables. 1) The type of buying option 2)
Selected Ami 3) Selected instance type 4) Region 5) Data in/out 6) Storage capacity

QUESTION: 43

If you want in-depth details on how to create, manage, and attach IAM access policies to IAM
users, in what AWS resource should you look?

A. AWS How-To-Help Section
B. AWS Service Documentation
C. AWS Whitepapers
D. None of the above

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
AWS Service documentation is a collection of documents specific to each AWS service. They
contain detailed how-to's, as well as technical walkthroughs and specifications.

QUESTION: 44
You notice that five of your 10 S3 buckets are no longer available in your account, and you
assume that they have been deleted. You are unsure who may have deleted them, and no one
is taking responsibility. What should you do to investigate and find out who deleted the S3
buckets?

A. Look at the S3 logs.
B. Look at the CloudTrail logs.
C. Look at the CloudWatch Logs.
D. Look at the SNS logs.

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
CloudTrail is logging service that logs actions taken by AWS users in your AWS account, such
as creating/deleting S3 buckets, starting/stopping EC2 stances, etc.

QUESTION: 45
What acts as an address (like a mailing address) for a web server located on a network?

A. DNS Server
B. IP Address
C. Common language domain name
D. None of the above

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
An IP address is a severs address on a network. It is how traffic/request get routed to it (much
like a piece of mail gets routed to your home).

QUESTION: 46
What services has built-in DDoS mitigation and/or protection?

A. EC2
B. RDS
C. SNS
D. None of the above

Answer(s): D
Explanation:
AWS services with built-in DDoS migigation/protection include: 1) Route 53 2) CloudFront 3)
WAF (web application firewal ) 4) Elastic Load Balancing 5) VPCs and Security Groups

QUESTION: 47
What should you do if you believe your AWS account has been compromised? (Choose four)

A. Delete any resources in your account that you did not create.
B. Respond to any notifications you received from AWS through the AWS Support Center.
C. Change all IAM user's passwords.
D. Delete or rotate all programatic (API) access keys.

Answer(s): A, B, C, D
Explanation:
Al these answers are actions you should take if you believe you account has been
compromised.

QUESTION: 48
Under what circumstances would someone want to use ElastiCache? (Choose two)

A. They need a NoSQL database option
B. They need to use Edge Locations to cache content
C. The need improved improve the performance of their web application.
D. They need in-memory data store service.

Answer(s): C, D
Explanation:
ElastiCache is used as an in-memory data store or cache in the cloud. Benefits include
improved performance for web applications (that rely on information stored in a database). Edge
Locations are used for caching content with the CloudFront service, so that is not a answer
here.

QUESTION: 49
Derek is running a web application and is noticing that he is paying for way more server
capacity then is required. What AWS feature should Derek set up and configure to ensure that
his application is automatically adding/removing server capacity to keep in line with the required
demand?

A. Auto Scaling
B. Elastic Server Scaling
C. Elastic Load Balancing
D. Auto Sizing

Answer(s): A
Explanation:

Auto scaling is the feature that automated the process of adding/removing server capacity from
a system (based on usage demand). Auto scaling creates a very cost effective system by never
having too much or too little server capacity.

QUESTION: 50
What AWS service uses Edge Locations for content caching?

A. ElastiCache
B. Route 53
C. CloudFront
D. CloudCache

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
CloudFront is a content caching service provided by AWS that utilizes "Edge Locations," which
are AWS data centers located all around the world.

QUESTION: 51
What is the purpose of AWS's Route 53 service? (Choose two)

A. Content Caching
B. Database Management
C. Domain Registration
D. Domain Name System (DNS) service

Answer(s): C, D
Explanation:
Route 53 is AWS's domain and DNS management service. You can use it to register new
domain names, as well as manage DNS record sets.

QUESTION: 52
What are the benefits of AWS Organizations?
(Choose two)

A. Analyze cost across al multiple AWS accounts.
B. Automate AWS account creation and management.
C. Centrally manage access polices across multiple AWS accounts.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): B, C
Explanation:
AWS Organizations has four main benefits: 1) Centrally manage access polices across multiple
AWS accounts. 2) Automate AWS account creation and management. 3) Control access to
AWS services 4) Enable consolidated bil ing across multiple AWS accounts Analyzing cost is
done through the Cost Explorer (or TCO calculator), which is not part of AWS Organizations.

QUESTION: 53

What AWS service allows you to have your own private network in the AWS cloud?

A. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
B. Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
C. Virtual Cloud Network (VCN)
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
A Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is a private sub-section of AWS that is your own private network.
You control what resources you place inside the VPC and the security features around it.

QUESTION: 54
If you are using an on-demand EC2 instance, how are you being charged for it?

A. You are charged per second, based on an hourly rate, and there are no termination fees.
B. You are charged by the hour and must pay a partial upfront fee.
C. You must commit to a one or three year term and pay upfront.
D. You are charged per second, based on an hourly rate, and there is a termination fee.

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
On-demand EC2 instances are exactly that, on-demand. There are no upfront or termination
fees, and you are charged for each second of usage (based on an hourly rate).

QUESTION: 55
Matt is working on a projects that involves converting an images format from .png to .jpg.
Thousands of images have to be converted; however, time is not real y an issue and continual
processing is not required. What type of EC2 buying option would be most cost-effective for
Matt to use?

A. Spot
B. On-demand
C. Reserved
D. None of the above

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
Spot instances offer the cheapest option of all EC2's buying options. However, spot instances
should only be used when there can be interruptions in the processing jobs being conducted.
This is due to the fluctuation in spot pricing. If the spot price goes above your bid price, then you
wil lose access to the spot instance (thus causing a stoppage in processing).

What AWS service allows you to have your own private network in the AWS cloud?

A. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
B. Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
C. Virtual Cloud Network (VCN)
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
A Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is a private sub-section of AWS that is your own private network.
You control what resources you place inside the VPC and the security features around it.

QUESTION: 54
If you are using an on-demand EC2 instance, how are you being charged for it?

A. You are charged per second, based on an hourly rate, and there are no termination fees.
B. You are charged by the hour and must pay a partial upfront fee.
C. You must commit to a one or three year term and pay upfront.
D. You are charged per second, based on an hourly rate, and there is a termination fee.

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
On-demand EC2 instances are exactly that, on-demand. There are no upfront or termination
fees, and you are charged for each second of usage (based on an hourly rate).

QUESTION: 55
Matt is working on a projects that involves converting an images format from .png to .jpg.
Thousands of images have to be converted; however, time is not real y an issue and continual
processing is not required. What type of EC2 buying option would be most cost-effective for
Matt to use?

A. Spot
B. On-demand
C. Reserved
D. None of the above

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
Spot instances offer the cheapest option of all EC2's buying options. However, spot instances
should only be used when there can be interruptions in the processing jobs being conducted.
This is due to the fluctuation in spot pricing. If the spot price goes above your bid price, then you
wil lose access to the spot instance (thus causing a stoppage in processing).

QUESTION: 56
David is managing a web application running on dozens of EC2 servers. He is worried that if
something goes wrong with one of the servers he wil not know about it in a timely manner.
What solution could you offer to help him keep updated on the status of his servers?

A. Configure each EC2 instance with a custom script to email David when any issues occur.
B. Configure RDS notifications based on CloudWatch EC2 metric alarms.
C. Enable CloudTrail to log and report any issues that occur with the EC2 instances.
D. Configure SNS notifications based on CloudWatch EC2 metric alarms.

Answer(s): D
Explanation:
CloudWatch is used to track metrics on all EC2 instances. Metric alarms can be configured to
trigger SNS messages if something goes wrong.

QUESTION: 57
What AWS database is primarily used to analyze data using standard SQL formatting with
compatibility for your existing business intelligence tools?

A. ElastiCache
B. DynamoDB
C. Redshift
D. RDS

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
Redshift is a database offering that is fully-managed and used for data warehousing and
analytics, including compatibility with existing business intelligence tools.

QUESTION: 58
Tracy has created a web application, placing it's underlining infrastructure in the N. Virginia (US-
East-1) region. After several months, Tracy notices that much of the traffic coming to her
website is coming from Japan. What can Tracy do to (best) help reduce latency for her users in
Japan?

A. Copy the current VPC and located in US-East-1 and ask AWS to move it to a region closest
to Japan
B. Create a and manage a complete duplicate copy of the web application and its infrastructure
in a region closest to Japan.
C. Create a CDN using CloudFront, making sure the proper content is cached at Edge
Locations closest to Japan.
D. Create a CDN using CloudCache, making sure the proper content is cached at Edge
Locations closest to Japan.

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
CloudFront is AWS's content delivery network (CDN) service. You can use it to cache web
content at edge locations what are closest to you customers. This will decrease latency for the
customer and improve overall performance.

QUESTION: 59
What AWS service help you estimate the cost of using AWS vs. an on-premises data center?
A. Cost Explorer
B. Consolidated Bil ing
C. TCO Calculator
D. None of the above

Answer(s): C
Explanation:
The TCO (total cost of ownership) calculator helps you estimate the cost of using AWS vs. an
onpremises data center.

QUESTION: 60
What AWS feature acts as a traffic distribution regulator, making sure each EC2 instance in a
system get the same amount of traffic?

A. Availability Zone
B. ELB
C. NACL
D. Auto Scaling

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
An Elastic Load Balancer is responsible for evenly distributing incoming web traffic between all
the EC2 instances associated with it. This help prevent one server from becoming overloaded
with traffic, while another server remains underutilized.

QUESTION: 61
What best describes the concept of fault tolerance?

A. The ability for a system to withstand a certain amount of failure and stil remain functional.
B. The ability for a system to grow and shrink based on demand.
C. The ability for a system to grow in size, capacity, and/or scope.
D. The ability for a system be accessible when you attempt to access it.

Answer(s): A
Explanation:
Fault tolerance describes the concept of a system (in our case a web application) to have failure
in some of its components and stil remain accessible (highly available). Fault tolerant web
applications wil have at least two web servers (in case one fails).

QUESTION: 62
What best describes Amazon Web Services (AWS)?

A. AWS only provides compute and storage services.
B. AWS is the cloud.
C. AWS is a cloud services provider.
D. None of the above.

Answer(s): C

Explanation:
AWS is defined as a cloud services provider. They provide hundreds of services of which
compute and storage are included (not limited to).

QUESTION: 63
What are the four primary benefits of using the cloud/AWS?

A. Elasticity, scalability, easy access, limited storage.
B. Fault tolerance, scalability, elasticity, and high availability.
C. Unlimited storage, limited compute capacity, fault tolerance, and high availability.
D. Fault tolerance, scalability, sometimes available, unlimited storage

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
Fault tolerance, scalability, elasticity, and high availability are the four primary benefits of
AWS/the cloud.

QUESTION: 64
What best describes an AWS region?

A. A specific location where an AWS data center is located.
B. An isolated collection of AWS Availability Zones, of which there are many placed all around
the world.
C. The physical networking connections between Availability Zones.
D. A collection of DNS servers.

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
An AWS region is an isolated geographical area that is is comprised of three or more AWS
Availability Zones.

QUESTION: 65
What best describes a simplified definition of the "cloud"?

A. Al the computers in your local home network.
B. A computer located somewhere else that you are utilizing in some capacity.
C. An on-premises data center that your company owns.
D. Your internet service provider

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
The simplest definition of the cloud is a computer that is located somewhere else that you are
utilizing in some capacity. AWS is a cloud services provider, as the provide access to computers
they own (located at AWS data centers), that you use for various purposes.

QUESTION: 66
What is the purpose of a DNS server?

A. To serve web application content.
B. To convert common language domain names to IP addresses.
C. To convert IP addresses to common language domain names.
D. To act as an internet search engine.

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
Domain name system servers act as a "third party" that provides the service of converting
common language domain names to IP addresses (which are required for a web browser to
properly make a request for web content).

QUESTION: 67
What best describes the concept of high availability?

A. The ability for a system to grow and shrink based on demand.
B. The ability for a system to withstand a certain amount of failure and stil remain functional.
C. The ability for a system to grow in size, capacity, and/or scope.
D. The ability for a system be accessible when you attempt to access it.

Answer(s): D
Explanation:
High availability refers to the concept that something wil be accessible when you try to access
it. An object or web application is "highly available" when it is accessible a vast majority of the
time.

QUESTION: 68
What best describes the concept of scalability?

A. The ability for a system to withstand a certain amount of failure and stil remain functional.
B. The ability for a system to grow in size, capacity, and/or scope.
C. The ability for a system to grow and shrink based on demand.
D. The ability for a system be accessible when you attempt to access it.

Answer(s): B
Explanation:
Scalability refers to the concept of a system being able to easily (and cost-effectively) scale UP.
For web applications, this means the ability to easily add server capacity when demand
requires.

QUESTION: 69
What best describes the concept of elasticity?

A. The ability for a system to grow in size, capacity, and/or scope.
B. The ability for a system to withstand a certain amount of failure and stil remain functional.
C. The ability for a system to grow and shrink based on demand.
D. The ability for a system be accessible when you attempt to access it.

Great Udemy course for AWS Certifications

Amazon Web Services (AWS) Certified - 4 Certifications!

Quiz 1: Practice Exam - AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner

See: awstcocalculator.com

RDS can only scale manually.

FIFO queues are designed to ensure that the order in which messages are sent and received is strictly preserved and that each message is processed exactly once. See https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/SQSDeveloperGuide/FIFO-queues.html

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Introduction.html

A stack is a collection of AWS resources that you can manage as a single unit. In other words, you can create, update, or delete a collection of resources by creating, updating, or deleting stacks. All the resources in a stack are defined by the stack's AWS CloudFormation template.

Root access should not be used and should have MFA enabled

Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) offers a reliable, highly-scalable hosted queue for storing messages as they travel between applications or microservices. It moves data between distributed application components and helps you decouple these components.

SNS can send push notifications See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sns/latest/dg/SNSMobilePush.html

Rule of thumb: Be a pessimist when designing architectures in the cloud; assume things will fail. In other words, always design, implement and deploy for automated recovery from failure. See: https://media.amazonwebservices.com/AWS_Cloud_Best_Practices.pdf

Amazon Redshift is a fully managed, petabyte-scale data warehouse service in the cloud. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/mgmt/welcome.html

See: awstcocalculator.com

See: https://calculator.s3.amazonaws.com/index.html

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awsaccountbilling/latest/aboutv2/cost-explorer-what-is.html

See: https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/spot/

See: https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/trustedadvisor/

See: https://aws.amazon.com/inspector/

If you want the URL for your sign-in page to contain your company name (or other friendly identifier) instead of your AWS account ID, you can create an alias for your AWS account ID. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/console_account-alias.html

When you create IAM policies, follow the standard security advice of granting least privilege—that is, granting only the permissions required to perform a task. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/best-practices.html#grant-least-privilege

A scaling plan tells Auto Scaling when and how to scale. For example, you can base a scaling plan on the occurrence of specified conditions (dynamic scaling) or on a schedule. An autoscaling policy defines how to scale and how much scaling to be applied. A scaling plan will reference a scaling policy.

By default, the “automatic rollback on error” feature is enabled. This will cause all AWS resources that AWS CloudFormation created successfully for a stack up to the point where an error occurred to be deleted. This is useful when, for example, you accidentally exceed your default limit of Elastic IP addresses, or you don’t have access to an EC2 AMI you’re trying to run. This feature enables you to rely on the fact that stacks are either fully created, or not at all, which simplifies system administration and layered solutions built on top of AWS CloudFormation.

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudFront/latest/DeveloperGuide/HowCloudFrontWorks.html

AWS CloudTrail is an AWS service that helps you enable governance, compliance, and operational and risk auditing of your AWS account. Actions taken by a user, role, or an AWS service are recorded as events in CloudTrail. Events include actions taken in the AWS Management Console, AWS Command Line Interface, and AWS SDKs and APIs. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awscloudtrail/latest/userguide/cloudtrail-user-guide.html

By default, Amazon EC2 sends metric data to CloudWatch in 5-minute periods. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-cloudwatch.html

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/logs/WhatIsCloudWatchLogs.html

A database is a collection of Tables. An Table is a collection of items and each item is a collection of attributes.

You connect to your EC2 Windows instance using RDP. You connect to your EC2 Linux instance using SSH.

An instance store provides temporary block-level storage for your instance. This storage is located on disks that are physically attached to the host computer. Instance store is ideal for temporary storage of information that changes frequently, such as buffers, caches, scratch data, and other temporary content, or for data that is replicated across a fleet of instances, such as a load-balanced pool of web servers. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/InstanceStorage.html

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-spot-instances.html

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-network-security.html

Amazon EMR is a managed cluster platform that simplifies running big data frameworks, such as Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark, on AWS to process and analyze vast amounts of data. By using these frameworks and related open-source projects, such as Apache Hive and Apache Pig, you can process data for analytics purposes and business intelligence workloads. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/emr/latest/ManagementGuide/emr-what-is-emr.html

See: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/archive-s3-to-glacier/

IAM is a feature of your AWS account offered at no additional charge. You will be charged only for use of other AWS services by your users.

An IAM group is a collection of IAM users. Groups let you specify permissions for multiple users, which can make it easier to manage the permissions for those users. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_groups.html

You can and should use an IAM role to manage temporary credentials for applications that run on an EC2 instance. When you use a role, you don't have to distribute long-term credentials (such as a user name and password or access keys) to an EC2 instance. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_use_switch-role-ec2.html

Amazon Kinesis Data Streams enables you to build custom applications that process or analyze streaming data for specialized needs. Kinesis Data Streams can continuously capture and store terabytes of data per hour from hundreds of thousands of sources such as website clickstreams, financial transactions, social media feeds, IT logs, and location-tracking events.

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/Concepts.MultiAZ.html

When Multi-AZ is enabled on RDS, the standby replica instance will be located in a different availability zone.

A bucket name must be unique across all existing bucket names in Amazon S3. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/BucketRestrictions.html

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/storage-class-intro.html

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-network-security.html

Network ACLs operate at the subnet level and evaluate traffic entering and exiting a subnet. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonVPC/latest/UserGuide/VPC_ACLs.html

See: https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/trustedadvisor/

See: https://aws.amazon.com/ses/

Long polling helps reduce your cost of using Amazon SQS by reducing the number of empty responses. You can enable long polling using the AWS Management Console by setting a Receive Message Wait Time to a value greater than 0. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/SQSDeveloperGuide/sqs-long-polling.html

When you stop an instance, AWS shut it down. AWS don't charge usage for a stopped instance, or data transfer fees, but do charge for the storage for any Amazon EBS volumes. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/Stop_Start.html

You can only stop and restart your instance if it has an Amazon EBS volume as its root device. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/Stop_Start.html

AWS Organizations provides consolidated billing so that you can track the combined costs of all the member accounts in your organization. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awsaccountbilling/latest/aboutv2/useconsolidatedbilling-procedure.html

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticbeanstalk/latest/dg/Welcome.html

See: https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/shared-responsibility-model/

Shifting of capital expenditure for physical hardware, to pay-as-you-go operating expenditure.

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-regions-availability-zones.html

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-regions-availability-zones.html#concepts-regions-availability-zones

An EBS volume can be attached to only one instance at a time within the same Availability Zone. However, multiple volumes can be attached to a single instance. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/EBSVolumes.html

See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/storagegateway/latest/userguide/WhatIsStorageGateway.html

By default, Amazon RDS enables automated backups of your DB Instance with a 7 day retention period. See: https://aws.amazon.com/rds/faqs/

See: https://aws.amazon.com/rds/oracle/faqs/

You cannot access the underlying operating system of an RDS instance.

An IAM group is a collection of IAM users. Groups let you specify permissions for multiple users, which can make it easier to manage the permissions for those users. See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_groups.html

=================================================

https://free-braindumps.com/amazon/free-aws-certified-cloud-practitioner-braindumps.html

https://d1.awsstatic.com/training-and-certification/docs-cloud-practitioner/AWS-Certified-Cloud-Practioner_Sample_Questions_v1.1_FINAL.PDF

https://www.passapply.com/online-pdf/aws-certified-cloud-practitioner.pdf

AWS Cloud Practitioner Essentials (Second Edition) (Korean)

Second Edition은 이전 강좌와는 다르게 PPT 가 한글로 돼 있고 화면 밑에 한글로 자막도 나옴.

내용은 거의 같고 일부 항목이 조금 자세히 나옴. (예: Amazon Inspector, Amazon Shield 등)

맨 마지막에 30개의 지식 확인 문제가 있음.

정보

설명

이 기초 레벨 과정은 특정 기술 역할과 관계없이 AWS 클라우드를 전반적으로 이해하고자 하는 개인을 대상으로 합니다. 클라우드 개념, AWS 서비스, 보안, 아키텍처, 요금 및 지원에 대한 상세한 개요를 제공합니다. 이 과정은 또한 AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner 시험을 준비하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

수강 대상

이 과정의 대상은 다음과 같습니다.

• 판매
• 법적 고지
• 마케팅
• 비즈니스 애널리스트
• 프로젝트 관리자
• AWS 아카데미 학생

• 기타 IT 관련 전문가

과정 목표

이 과정에서 학습하게 될 내용은 다음과 같습니다.

• 클라우드가 무엇이고 어떻게 작동하는지 정의
• 클라우드 컴퓨팅과 배포 모델의 차이를 구분
• AWS 클라우드 가치 제안 설명
• 클라우드의 기본 글로벌 인프라를 설명
• AWS 와 상호 작용하는 다양한 방법을 서로 비교
• AWS 서비스 도메인의 차이를 설명 및 구분
• Well-Architected 프레임워크를 설명
• 기본 AWS 클라우드 아키텍처 원칙 설명
• 공동 책임 모델을 설명
• AWS 클라우드를 이용한 보안 서비스를 설명

• AWS 플랫폼의 결제, 계정 관리, 요금 모델을 정의

수강 전 권장 사항

본 과정을 수강하기 전에 다음 사전 조건을 갖추는 것을 권장합니다.

• 일반적인 IT 기술 지식

• 일반적인 IT 비즈니스 지식

강의 형태

이 과정은 다음 방법을 통해 제공됩니다.

• 디지털 교육

소요 시간

6시간

과정 개요

이 과정에서는 다음 개념을 다룹니다.

• 클라우드 개념 소개
• AWS 핵심 서비스
• AWS 고급형 서비스
• AWS 아키텍처 설계
• 보안
• 요금 및 지원

유용한 싸이트

http://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=ambidext&logNo=221682330430

https://gist.github.com/serithemage/9993400aa483c95ade954a1e36b1004b#comments

AWS Cloud Practitioner Essentials (Digital) (Korean) - 02

https://github.com/yoonhok524/aws-certifications/tree/master/0.%20Cloud%20Practitioner

- AWS 보안 소개
안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services(AWS) 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria입니다. 
 오늘은 AWS 보안에 대해 소개하려고 합니다. 
 AWS는 높은 가용성과 신뢰성을 위해 설계된 확장 가능한 클라우드 컴퓨팅 플랫폼을 제공하며, 이를 통해 고객이 다양한 애플리케이션을 실행할 수 있는 유연성을 제공합니다. 
 고객 시스템과 데이터의 기밀성, 무결성 및 가용성을 보호하도록 지원하는 것은 고객 신뢰와 자신감을 유지하는 것만큼이나 AWS에 최고로 중요한 사안입니다. 
 이 모듈은 AWS 환경의 제어 및 AWS가 보안 목표를 달성하기 위해 고객에게 제공하는 일부 제품 및 기능을 비롯한 AWS의 보안 접근 방식을 소개하기 위한 목적으로 마련되었습니다. 
 모든 AWS 고객은 보안에 가장 민감한 기업의 요구 사항도 충족시키도록 구축된 데이터 센터 및 네트워크 아키텍처를 활용할 수 있습니다. 
 즉, 기존 데이터 센터의 자본 지출 및 운영 비용 없이도 높은 보안성을 위해 설계된 탄력적인 인프라를 얻을 수 있습니다. 
 AWS 인프라는 강력한 보안 조치를 적용하여 고객의 개인 정보를 보호합니다. 
 AWS는 고객의 의견을 AWS 서비스에 지속적으로 반영하면서 대규모로 빠르게 혁신합니다. 
 Identity and Access Management(IAM), 로깅 및 모니터링, 암호화 및 키 관리, 네트워크 세분화, 비용이 거의 또는 전혀 들지 않는 표준 DDoS 차단과 같은 핵심 보안 서비스를 지속적으로 발전시켜 나가는 등 AWS 솔루션은 시간이 지날수록 더 좋아지기 때문에 이러한 지속적인 개선은 고객에게 이익이 됩니다. 
 이와 더불어 전 세계 보안 동향을 심층적으로 이해하고 있는 엔지니어들이 고안한 고급 보안 서비스도 제공하므로 새로 등장하는 위험을 선제적으로 실시간 처리할 수 있습니다. 
 게다가 이용한 서비스만큼의 가격만, 그것도 저렴하게 지불하면 됩니다. 
 다시 말해 선행 투자 없이 사업 성장에 발맞춰 필요한 보안 서비스를 선택할 수 있고, 자체 인프라를 관리하는 것보다 운영 비용이 훨씬 더 저렴합니다. 
 제대로 보안 조치를 취한 환경은 규정에 맞는 환경이 됩니다. 
 규제 대상 워크로드를 AWS 클라우드로 마이그레이션하면 AWS의 다양한 거버넌스 지원 기능을 이용하여 보안 수준을 한층 강화할 수 있습니다. 
 클라우드 기반의 거버넌스는 향상된 관리 기능, 보안 제어 및 중앙 자동화를 통해 낮은 초기 비용, 좀 더 용이한 운영, 향상된 민첩성 등의 이점을 제공합니다. 
 AWS를 선택하면 AWS가 이미 운영 중인 수많은 보안 제어 기능을 물려받을 수 있기 때문에 유지해야 할 보안 제어 기능의 수가 줄어듭니다. 
 자체적인 규정 준수 및 인증 프로그램은 강화되고, 그와 동시에 기업 고유의 보안 보증 요구 사항을 유지 관리하고 운영하는 데 드는 비용은 절감됩니다. 
 AWS와 파트너는 보안 목표를 달성하는 데 도움이 되는 광범위한 도구와 기능을 제공합니다. 
 이러한 도구는 자체 온프레미스 환경에 배포되는 제어 기능을 결합합니다. 
 AWS는 네트워크 보안, 구성 관리, 액세스 제어 및 데이터 보안 전반에 걸쳐 보안 전용 도구 및 기능을 제공합니다. 
 또한 AWS는 모니터링 및 로깅 도구를 통해 고객 환경에서 발생하는 상황에 대한 완전한 가시성을 제공합니다. 
 AWS는 개인 정보 보호 및 네트워크 액세스 제어를 개선하기 위한 여러 보안 기능과 서비스를 제공합니다. 
 여기에는 AWS 내에서 프라이빗 네트워크를 생성할 수 있는 내장 방화벽, 인스턴스 및 서브넷에 대한 네트워크 액세스 제어 기능, 모든 서비스에서 TLS(전송 계층 보안)로 전송되는 암호화, 사무실 또는 온프레미스 환경에서 프라이빗 또는 전용 연결을 활성화하는 연결 옵션, Auto Scaling 또는 콘텐츠 전송 전략의 일부인 DDoS 완화 기술이 포함됩니다. 
 AWS는 클라우드 리소스가 조직의 표준 및 모범 사례를 계속 준수하도록 보장하는 한편 빠르게 이동할 수 있게 지원하는 광범위한 도구를 제공합니다. 
 여기에는 조직 표준에 따라 AWS 리소스의 생성 및 폐기를 유지 관리하기 위한 배포 도구, AWS 리소스를 식별하고 시간 경과에 따라 해당 리소스의 변경 사항을 추적하고 관리하기 위한 인벤토리 및 구성 관리 도구, Amazon EC2 인스턴스에 대해 미리 구성된 강력한 표준 가상 머신(VM)을 생성하기 위한 템플릿 정의 및 관리 도구가 포함됩니다. 
 AWS는 클라우드에 보관된 데이터에 대한 보안 계층을 추가할 수 있는 기능을 통해 확장 가능하고 효율적인 암호화 기능을 제공합니다. 
 여기에는 Amazon EBS, Amazon S3, Amazon Glacier, Oracle RDS, SQL Server RDS 및 Amazon Redshift와 같은 AWS 스토리지 및 데이터베이스 서비스에서 사용 가능한 데이터 암호화 기능, AWS에서 암호화 키를 관리하도록 할지 아니면 직접 키를 완벽하게 제어할지를 선택할 수 있는 유연한 키 관리 옵션, 고객이 규정 준수 요구 사항을 충족하도록 지원하는 전용 하드웨어 기반 암호화 키 스토리지 옵션이 포함됩니다. 
 또한 AWS는 암호화 및 데이터 보호 기능을 AWS 환경에서 개발하거나 배포하는 서비스와 통합하기 위한 API를 제공합니다. 
 AWS는 AWS 서비스 전반에서 사용자 액세스 정책을 정의하고 적용하며 관리할 수 있는 기능을 제공합니다. 
 여기에는 AWS 리소스에 대해 권한을 가진 개별 사용자 계정을 정의할 수 있는 Identity and Access Management(IAM) 기능, 하드웨어 기반 인증자용 옵션을 포함하여 권한 있는 계정에 대한 멀티 팩터 인증(MFA), 관리 비용을 줄이고 사용자 경험을 개선하기 위한 기업 디렉터리와의 통합 및 연동이 포함됩니다. 
 AWS는 많은 서비스 전반에 걸쳐 기본 Identity and Access Management(IAM) 통합 및 API와 애플리케이션 또는 서비스의 통합을 제공합니다. 
 AWS는 AWS 환경에서 발생하는 상황을 확인할 수 있는 도구와 기능을 제공합니다. 
 여기에는 호출을 수행한 대상, 호출 항목, 호출 위치를 비롯하여 API 호출에 대한 깊은 가시성, 로그 집계 및 옵션, 조사 및 규정 준수 보고 간소화, 특정 이벤트가 발생하거나 임계값을 초과할 경우의 알림 전송이 포함됩니다. 
 이러한 도구 및 기능을 사용하면 비즈니스에 영향을 미치기 전에 문제를 파악하기 위한 가시성을 확보할 수 있으며, 보안 상태를 개선하고 환경의 위험 프로파일을 줄일 수 있습니다. 
 AWS Marketplace는 맬웨어 방지, 웹 애플리케이션 방화벽, 침입 방지 등 기존 제어 및 온프레미스 환경과 동등하거나 동일하거나 이와 통합되는 업계 최고 수준의 파트너 제품 수백 개를 제공합니다. 
 이 제품은 기존 AWS 클라우드 서비스를 보완하여 고객이 종합적인 보안 아키텍처를 배포하고 클라우드 및 온프레미스 환경에서 보다 매끄러운 환경을 구축할 수 있도록 합니다. 
 고객 시스템과 데이터를 안전하게 지키는 것은 고객 신뢰와 자신감을 유지하는 것만큼이나 AWS에 최고로 중요한 사안입니다. 
 이 동영상에서는 AWS 환경의 제어 및 AWS가 보안 목표를 달성하기 위해 고객에게 제공하는 일부 제품 및 기능을 비롯한 AWS의 보안 접근 방식을 소개했습니다. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services(AWS) 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria였습니다. 

- AWS 공동 책임 모델
안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria입니다. 
오늘은 공동 책임 모델의 개요에 대해 살펴보겠습니다. 
고객이 AWS를 사용하기 시작하면 Amazon은 AWS의 데이터 보안에 대한 책임을 고객과 공유합니다. 
 이 개념을 클라우드 보안의 공동 책임 모델이라고 합니다. 
AWS와 고객이 이 모델에서 어떤 보안에 대한 책임을 지는지 자세히 알아보겠습니다. 
AWS에게는 클라우드 자체의 보안이라는 책임이 있습니다. 
 이 말이 무슨 뜻입니까?공동 책임 모델에서 AWS는 호스트 운영 체제 및 가상화 계층부터 서비스 운영 시설의 물리적인 보안에 이르기까지 구성 요소를 운영, 관리 및 제어합니다. 
 즉, AWS는 리전, 가용 영역 및 엣지 로케이션을 비롯하여 AWS 클라우드에 제공된 모든 서비스를 실행하는 글로벌 인프라를 보호할 책임이 있습니다. 
이 인프라를 보호하는 것은 AWS의 최우선 과제이며 고객이 AWS 데이터 센터나 사옥에 방문하여 직접 확인할 수는 없지만, Amazon은 각종 컴퓨터 보안 표준과 규정에 대한 준수 사실을 확인한 타사 감사자의 보고서를 제공합니다 AWS는 이 글로벌 인프라를 보호할 뿐만 아니라, 컴퓨팅, 스토리지, 데이터베이스 및 네트워킹을 포함하여 기본적인 서비스로 간주되는 해당 제품의 보안 구성도 책임집니다. 
 이러한 유형의 서비스에는 Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon RDS, Amazon Redshift, Amazon Elastic MapReduce, Amazon WorkSpaces 및 여러 다른 서비스가 포함됩니다. 
 이러한 서비스의 경우, 게스트 운영 체제(OS), 데이터베이스 패치, 방화벽 구성, 재해 복구 등의 기본 보안 작업을 AWS가 처리합니다. 
 고객은 안티바이러스 패치 작업, 유지 관리 또는 설치 등에 대해 걱정할 필요가 없습니다. 
 Amazon이 대신 처리하므로 고객은 실제로 플랫폼에 포함되는 대상에 집중할 수 있습니다. 
대부분의 이러한 관리형 서비스의 경우 고객은 리소스에 대한 논리적 액세스 제어를 구성하고 계정 자격 증명을 보호해야 합니다. 
 일부 관리형 서비스의 경우 데이터베이스 사용자 계정 설정과 같은 추가 작업이 필요할 수 있지만 전반적인 보안 구성 작업은 서비스에 의해 수행됩니다. 
 클라우드 인프라는 AWS에 의해 보안이 유지되고 유지 관리되지만 고객은 클라우드 내부에 배치하는 모든 요소의 보안에 대한 책임을 갖습니다. 
AWS 서비스를 이용하는 고객은 콘텐츠를 완벽하게 제어할 수 있으며, 다음과 같은 중요 콘텐츠 보안 요구 사항을 관리해야 할 책임이 있습니다. 
 · AWS에 저장하기로 결정한 콘텐츠 · 콘텐츠와 함께 사용되는 AWS 서비스 · 콘텐츠가 저장되는 국가 · 콘텐츠의 형식과 구조 및 마스크, 익명화 또는 암호화 여부 · 콘텐츠에 액세스할 수 있는 사용자 · 그러한 액세스 권한을 부여, 관리 및 취소하는 방법 고객은 데이터, 플랫폼, 애플리케이션, 자격 증명 및 액세스 관리, 운영 체제를 보호하기 위해 구현하기로 선택한 보안 기능을 제어할 수 있습니다. 
 즉, 공동 책임 모델은 고객이 사용하는 AWS 서비스에 따라 본질적으로 달라집니다. 
또한 AWS Service Catalog를 사용하여 가상 머신 이미지, 서버, 소프트웨어, 데이터베이스 등 AWS에서 사용하도록 승인한 IT 서비스의 카탈로그를 만들고 관리하여 다층적 애플리케이션 아키텍처를 완성할 수 있습니다. 
 AWS Service Catalog는 고객이 공통적으로 배포되는 IT 서비스를 중앙에서 관리하도록 하며, 사용자가 자신에게 필요한 승인된 IT 서비스만 빠르게 배포하도록 하는 한편, 고객이 일관된 거버넌스를 달성하고 규정 준수 요구 사항을 충족하도록 도와줍니다. 
AWS 공동 책임 모델을 시각화하기 위해 예제를 살펴보겠습니다. 
고객이 스토리지에 Amazon S3를 사용하고 데스크톱 및 애플리케이션 스트리밍에 Amazon Workspaces를 사용한다고 가정해 보겠습니다. 
 또한 EC2 인스턴스와 Oracle DB 인스턴스로 구성된 Virtual Private Cloud(VPC)도 있습니다. 
AWS는 AWS 클라우드의 모든 서비스를 실행하는 글로벌 인프라를 보호할 책임이 있습니다. 
 AWS 글로벌 인프라는 보안 모범 사례를 비롯한 다양한 보안 규정 준수 표준에 따라 설계 및 관리됩니다. 
 Amazon EC2 및 Amazon VPC처럼 IaaS(서비스로서의 인프라) 범주에 해당하는 AWS 제품은 고객이 전적으로 제어할 수 있으며 필요한 모든 보안 구성과 관리 작업을 직접 수행해야 합니다. 
 예를 들어 EC2 인스턴스의 경우 고객은 게스트 OS(업데이트 및 보안 패치 포함)를 비롯하여 인스턴스에 설치한 모든 애플리케이션 소프트웨어나 유틸리티의 관리, 그리고 각 인스턴스에 대해 AWS에서 제공한 방화벽(보안 그룹이라고 부름)의 구성을 책임져야 합니다. 
 이는 서버 위치와 상관없이 기존에 수행했던 보안 작업과 기본적으로 동일합니다. 
 오늘 우리가 학습한 내용을 빠르게 복습해 보겠습니다. 
· 공동 책임 모델은 AWS 및 클라우드상의 데이터 보안을 위해 협력하는 고객으로 구성됩니다. 
 · AWS는 클라우드 자체의 보안에 대해 책임을 지는 반면 고객은 클라우드 내부의 보안에 대해 책임을 집니다. 
  · 고객은 사용하고 있는 AWS 서비스에 따라 구현하기로 선택한 보안에 대한 제어권을 갖습니다. 
· 고객은 AWS Service Catalog를 사용하여 AWS에서 사용하도록 승인한 IT 서비스의 카탈로그를 만들고 관리할 수 있습니다. 
· Amazon EC2 및 Amazon VPC처럼 IaaS 범주에 해당하는 AWS 제품은 고객이 전적으로 제어할 수 있으며 필요한 모든 보안 구성과 관리 작업을 직접 수행해야 합니다. 
저는 Amazon Web Services(AWS) 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria였습니다. 

- AWS 엑세스 제어 및 관리
안녕하세요. 
 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria입니다. 
오늘은 액세스 제어 및 관리의 개요에 대해 살펴보겠습니다. 
AWS Identity and Access Management(IAM)는 AWS 리소스에 대한 고객 및 사용자의 액세스를 안전하게 제어하는 웹 서비스입니다. 
 고객은 IAM을 사용하여 AWS 리소스를 사용할 수 있는 사용자(인증이라고 함)와 리소스를 사용하는 방법(권한 부여라고 함)을 제어합니다. 
AWS Identity and Access Management(IAM)를 사용하면 AWS 클라우드에서 컴퓨팅, 스토리지, 데이터베이스 및 애플리케이션 서비스에 대한 액세스를 관리할 수 있습니다. 
사용자(최종 사용자), 그룹(작업 기능별 사용자 모음), 권한(사용자 또는 그룹에 적용 가능), 역할(신뢰할 수 있는 엔터티) 등 이미 익숙한 액세스 제어 개념에 대해 생각해 보십시오. 
 IAM은 바로 이러한 기능을 사용하여 아주 강력한 성능을 갖게 됩니다!또한, AWS 사용자 및 그룹을 만들고 관리하며 AWS 리소스에 대한 액세스를 허용 및 거부할 수 있습니다. 
 IAM의 기능을 자세히 살펴보겠습니다. 
AWS IAM으로 다음을 수행할 수 있습니다. 
· IAM 사용자 및 액세스 관리 - IAM에서 사용자를 생성하거나, 사용자에게 개별 보안 자격 증명(즉, 액세스 키, 암호, 멀티 팩터 인증 디바이스)을 할당하거나, AWS 서비스 및 리소스에 대한 액세스를 제공할 수 있도록 임시 보안 자격 증명을 요청할 수 있습니다. 
 사용자가 수행할 수 있는 작업을 제어하기 위해 권한을 관리할 수 있습니다. 
· IAM 역할 및 해당 권한 관리 - IAM에서 역할을 생성하고, 역할을 가정하는 엔터티 또는 AWS 서비스로 수행할 수 있는 작업을 제어하는 권한을 관리할 수 있습니다. 
 · 연합된 사용자 및 해당 권한 관리 - 자격 증명 연동을 사용하면 자격 증명별로 IAM 사용자를 생성하지 않고도, 기업 디렉터리에서 기존 자격 증명(사용자, 그룹 및 역할)으로 AWS Management Console에 액세스하고 AWS API를 호출하며 리소스에 액세스할 수 있습니다. 
 Amazon Web Services(AWS) 계정을 처음 생성하면 계정의 모든 AWS 서비스 및 리소스에 대한 완전한 액세스 권한을 가진 단일 로그인 자격 증명으로 시작하게 됩니다. 
 이 자격 증명은 AWS 계정 루트 사용자라고 하며, 계정을 생성할 때 사용한 이메일 주소와 암호로 로그인하여 액세스할 수 있습니다. 
루트 사용자 자격 증명에 대한 권한을 제한할 수 없으므로 루트 사용자 액세스 키를 삭제하는 것이 좋습니다. 
 관리자 수준의 권한이 필요한 경우, IAM 사용자를 생성하고, 이 사용자에게 전체 관리자 액세스 권한을 부여한 다음, 해당 자격 증명을 사용하여 AWS와 상호 작용할 수 있습니다. 
 권한을 취소하거나 수정해야 하는 경우, 해당 IAM 사용자에게 연결된 정책을 삭제하거나 수정할 수 있습니다. 
사용자를 추가할 때, 고객은 사용자가 AWS에 액세스하는 방법을 선택해야 합니다. 
 사용자에게 할당할 수 있는 액세스 유형에는 프로그래밍 방식 액세스 및 AWS Management Console 액세스라는 두 가지 액세스 방식이 있습니다. 
프로그래밍 방식 액세스는 AWS API, CLI, SDK 및 기타 개발 도구에 대한 액세스 키 ID 및 보안 액세스 키를 활성화합니다. 
 다른 옵션은 사용자가 AWS Management Console에 로그인할 수 있도록 허용하는 AWS Management Console 액세스 권한을 사용자에게 부여하는 것입니다. 
 AWS Management Console에서는 간편한 웹 인터페이스를 통해 Amazon Web Services를 사용할 수 있습니다. 
 AWS 계정 이름과 암호를 사용해 로그인할 수 있습니다. 
 AWS Multi-Factor Authentication이 활성화된 경우 디바이스의 인증 코드를 입력하라는 메시지가 표시됩니다. 
사용자는 인증을 받은 후 AWS 서비스에 액세스할 수 있는 권한을 부여받아야 합니다. 
사용자, 그룹 또는 역할에 권한을 할당하려면 권한을 명시적으로 나열하는 문서인 정책을 생성해야 합니다. 
 하나의 정책을 IAM 사용자, IAM 그룹 및 IAM 역할에 할당할 수 있습니다. 
IAM의 기본 개념에 대해 살펴보았으므로 이제 AWS Management Console에 로그인하여 사용자를 생성하고, 사용자를 그룹에 할당하고, 권한을 적용해 보겠습니다. 
로그인을 하면 홈페이지가 표시됩니다. 
 서비스를 위한 콘솔을 열려면 검색 상자에 서비스 이름을 입력한 다음 검색 결과 목록에서 원하는 서비스를 선택합니다. 
  예를 들어, EC2를 입력하면 EC2, EC2 Container Service 및 Elastic File System을 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 검색을 사용하지 않으려는 경우 서비스를 클릭하여 알파벳순으로 정렬된 전체 서비스 목록을 열 수 있습니다. 
 IAM을 찾아 클릭해 봅니다. 
IAM에 들어가면 IAM 사용자 로그인 링크가 표시됩니다. 
  웹 주소에 임의의 숫자가 있다는 점을 알 수 있습니다. 
 이 링크를 쉽게 사용자 지정할 수 있습니다. 
페이지 아래로 이동하면 Security Status 섹션이 표시됩니다. 
계속 진행하여 2명의 사용자를 생성해 봅니다. 
 첫 번째 사용자는 John Doe이고, 두 번째 사용자는 Bob Fields입니다. 
그 다음, 프로그래밍 방식과 AWS Management Console 액세스를 모두 제공할 수 있습니다. 
 또한 두 사용자의 콘솔 암호를 자동으로 생성하거나 할당하려는 경우 선택할 수도 있습니다. 
 password1이라는 암호를 할당해 보겠습니다. 
 또한 사용자가 로그인할 때 암호 재설정을 요구할 수도 있습니다. 
[Next: Permissions]를 클릭합니다. 
 이제 사용자를 그룹에 배치하거나 기존 사용자의 권한을 복사하거나 기존 정책을 직접 연결할 수 있는 옵션을 갖습니다. 
 앞서 언급했듯이 그룹을 생성하고 그룹에 연결할 정책을 선택할 수 있습니다. 
 그룹을 사용하는 것은 작업 기능별로 사용자의 권한을 관리할 수 있는 모범 사례입니다. 
 예를 들어 시스템 관리자, 재무 부서, 개발자 등을 위한 그룹을 생성할 수 있습니다. 
계속 진행하여 시스템 관리 그룹을 생성해 봅니다. 
 [Create Group]을 클릭합니다. 
[Group Name]에 system-admins를 입력합니다. 
그 다음, 이 그룹에 정책을 적용할 수 있습니다. 
 정책은 단순히 사용자 또는 그룹에 연결할 수 있는 권한의 문서라는 점을 기억해야 합니다. 
 그러면 시스템 관리자에게 부여하려는 권한은 무엇입니까? 시스템 관리자가 애플리케이션을 관리할 수 있게 해 보겠습니다. 
 Policy Type: admin을 검색해 봅니다. 
다양한 관리자 정책에 대한 수많은 결과를 확인할 수 있습니다. 
AdministratorAccess라는 상자를 확인해 봅니다. 
 그런 다음 [Create Group]을 클릭합니다. 
 [Next: Review]를 클릭합니다. 
 이제 방금 생성한 사용자 세부 정보 및 권한 요약을 검토할 수 있습니다. 
 좋습니다. 
 이제 [Create Users]를 클릭합니다. 
앞서 생성한 John과 Bob이 표시됩니다. 
 또한 이 사용자와 관련하여 생성된 다른 항목도 있습니다. 
  액세스 키 ID와 보안 액세스 키입니다. 
사용자가 명령줄 인터페이스 또는 SDK 및 API를 사용하여 프로그래밍 방식으로 AWS와 상호 작용하게 하려면 액세스 키 ID와 보안 액세스 키가 모두 필요합니다. 
 하지만 AWS Management Console에 로그인하려면 여기에 나열된 사용자 이름과 암호를 사용하게 됩니다. 
마지막 단계는 . 
CSV 파일을 다운로드하여 생성한 사용자의 기록과 로그인 정보를 얻는 것입니다. 
 이제 [Close]를 클릭합니다. 
이제 사용자인 John과 Bob이 한 그룹에 속해 있다는 점을 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 마지막으로 로그인한 시간도 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 또한 왼쪽의 탐색 항목을 사용하여 사용자를 분석하고, 정책을 추가하고, 정책을 분리하고, 그룹을 변경하고, 기타 사용자 관리 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. 
계속 진행하여 대시보드로 돌아갑니다. 
 Security Status 확인 목록에 다음 몇 가지 항목이 확인된 상태에 있는 것을 볼 수 있습니다. 
· 개별 IAM 사용자를 생성했음. 
· 그룹을 사용하여 권한을 할당했음· 이제 마지막으로 해야 할 일은 IAM 암호 정책을 적용하는 것입니다. 
 계속 진행하여 [Apply an IAM password policy]를 클릭한 다음 [Manage Password Policy]를 클릭합니다. 
 이 화면에서 IAM 사용자가 설정할 수 있는 암호 유형을 정의하는 기본 규칙을 설정합니다. 
 비즈니스에 가장 적합한 특정 암호 정책을 설정했으면 계속 진행하여 [Apply password policy]를 클릭합니다. 
마지막으로, AWS Management Console에서 역할에 대한 작업을 수행해야 합니다. 
 계속 진행하여 왼쪽 탐색 창에서 [Roles]를 클릭합니다. 
 역할은 신뢰하는 엔터티에 권한을 부여하는 안전한 방식이라는 점을 기억하세요. 
 계속 진행하여 [Create Role]을 클릭합니다. 
AWS 서비스, 다른 AWS 계정, 웹 자격 증명 또는 SAML 2.0 연동과 같은 역할 유형을 클릭하여 선택할 수 있습니다. 
계속 진행하여 [AWS Service]를 클릭합니다. 
 S3에 파일을 저장하기 위해 EC2에 액세스해야 하는 역할을 생성하고 있다고 가정해 보겠습니다. 
  이제 사용 사례를 선택합니다. 
 첫 번째 옵션 “Allows EC2 instances to call AWS services on your behalf”를 선택합니다. 
 [Next: Permissions]를 클릭합니다. 
 이전에 그룹에서 확인했던 것처럼 권한을 할당하는 정책을 적용할 수 있습니다. 
EC2 인스턴스에 액세스하여 S3에 파일을 저장할 수 있으므로 이제 계속 진행하여 S3 정책을 검색해 보겠습니다. 
 [AmazonS3Full Access]를 클릭합니다. 
 [Next]를 클릭합니다. 
[Role Name]에 S3-Access를 추가합니다. 
  설명을 추가할 수도 있지만 필수는 아닙니다. 
 [Create Role]을 클릭합니다. 
  좋습니다. 
 새로운 역할이 생성되었습니다!  이 역할을 EC2 인스턴스에 적용할 수 있으며, 연결된 정책에 따라 S3 권한이 부여됩니다. 
축하합니다! 사용자를 생성했고, 그룹에 할당했으며, 작업 기능을 기반으로 권한을 적용했습니다. 
  또한 IAM 암호 정책을 적용하여 Security Status 확인 목록 항목을 완료했습니다. 
 그런 다음 역할을 생성했습니다. 
 이것이 신뢰할 수 있는 엔터티에 권한을 부여하는 멋진 방법이라는 점도 확인했습니다. 
 훌륭하네요!IAM의 작동 방식을 살펴보았으므로 이제 IAM의 모범 사례에 대해 알아보겠습니다. 
· AWS 루트 계정 액세스 키는 AWS 리소스에 대한 무제한 액세스를 제공하므로 삭제. 
 대신, IAM 사용자 액세스 키 또는 임시 보안 자격 증명 사용. 
· AWS 루트 계정에 대해 멀티 팩터 인증(MFA)을 활성화하여 계정을 안전하게 유지할 수 있는 또 다른 보호 계층 추가. 
 · IAM 사용자를 생성하고 필요한 권한만 부여. 
 AWS 루트 계정은 AWS 리소스에 대한 무제한 액세스를 제공하므로 AWS와의 일상적인 상호 작용에 해당 루트 계정을 사용하지 않음. 
 · IAM 그룹을 사용하여 IAM 사용자에게 권한을 할당해서 계정의 권한을 간편하게 관리하고 감사할 수 있음. 
· IAM 암호 정책을 적용하여 IAM 사용자가 강력한 암호를 만들고 암호를 정기적으로 교체하도록 요구. 
· Amazon EC2 인스턴스에서 실행되는 애플리케이션에 역할 사용· 자격 증명을 공유하기보다는 역할을 사용하여 위임· 자격 증명을 주기적으로 교체· 불필요한 사용자와 자격 증명을 제거· 보안 강화를 위해 정책 조건 사용· AWS 계정 내 활동을 모니터링요약하자면, AWS Identity and Access Management는 고객과 사용자가 AWS 리소스에 대한 액세스를 안전하게 제어할 수 있도록 도와줍니다. 
  이를 통해 액세스, 역할 및 권한과 더불어 사용자 및 그룹을 관리할 수 있습니다. 
저는 Amazon Web Services(AWS) 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria였습니다.

- AWS 보안 규정 준수 프로그램
안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria입니다. 
 오늘은 보안 규정 준수 프로그램의 개요에 대해 살펴보겠습니다. 
Amazon의 모든 것과 마찬가지로, AWS 보안 및 규정 준수 프로그램의 성공 여부를 가늠하는 단 한 가지 기본 조건은 바로 고객의 성공입니다. 
 AWS 고객들은 안전하고 규정에 맞는 클라우드 환경을 운영할 수 있도록 마련된 AWS의 규정 준수 보고서, 증명, 인증 포트폴리오를 믿고 따릅니다. 
 이러한 노력을 발판 삼아 AWS가 제공하는 확장성과 비용 절감 효과를 달성하는 동시에 강력한 보안 및 규정 준수의 혜택을 얻을 수 있습니다. 
 이 모듈에서는 다음 주제에 대해 살펴보겠습니다. 
· 보증 프로그램을 비롯한 AWS의 규정 준수 접근 방식. 
· 위험 관리, 제어 환경 및 정보 보안과 같은 AWS 위험 및 규정 준수 프로그램. 
· 마지막으로, AWS 고객 규정 준수 책임. 
공동 보안 책임 모델에서 AWS와 고객은 IT 환경의 보안을 함께 제어합니다. 
 이 공동 책임 모델에서 AWS가 책임져야 할 부분에는 매우 안전하게 관리되는 플랫폼에서 서비스를 제공하고 고객이 사용할 수 있는 다양한 보안 기능을 지원하는 일이 포함됩니다. 
 고객사의 책임에는 목적에 맞춰 안전하고 통제된 방식으로 IT 환경을 조성하는 것이 포함됩니다. 
 고객이 IT 환경의 용도와 구성을 AWS에 알리지 않더라도 AWS는 고객과 관련된 보안 및 제어 환경을 알려야 합니다. 
 AWS는 다음과 같은 방법으로 이를 수행합니다. 
 · 산업 인증 및 독립적인 타사 인증 획득· 백서와 웹 사이트 콘텐츠를 통한 AWS 보안 및 규제 관행에 대한 정보 공개
 · NDA 체결 후, AWS 고객사에 인증서, 보고서 및 기타 문서 직접 제공(필요한 경우). 
AWS는 외부 인증 기관 및 독립 감사자와 협력하여 고객에게 AWS에서 확립 및 운영하는 정책, 프로세스 및 컨트롤에 대한 다양한 정보를 제공합니다. 
 규정 준수 인증 및 검증은 독립적인 외부 감사 기관이 평가하여 인증, 감사 보고 또는 규정 준수 검증의 형태로 결과가 나타납니다. 
 AWS 고객은 관련 규정 준수 법률 및 규정을 준수할 책임이 있습니다. 
 경우에 따라 AWS는 고객 규정 준수를 지원하기 위한 기능(보안 기능 등), 인에이블러 및 법률 계약(AWS 데이터 처리 계약 및 비즈니스 제유 계약 등)을 제공합니다. 
 규정 준수 편성 및 프레임워크에는 특정 업계나 기능과 같은 특정 목적으로 게시된 보안 또는 규정 준수 요건이 포함됩니다. 
 AWS는 이러한 유형의 프로그램에 맞는 기능(보안 기능 등)과 인에이블러(규정 준수 플레이북, 매핑 문서 및 백서 포함)를 제공합니다. 
AWS는 고객이 거버넌스 프레임워크에 AWS 컨트롤을 통합할 수 있는 위험 및 규정 준수 프로그램에 대한 정보를 제공합니다. 
 이 정보는 고객이 프레임워크의 중요한 부분으로 포함된 AWS를 통해 전체 제어 및 거버넌스 프레임워크를 문서화할 수 있도록 지원합니다. 
 AWS 위험 및 규정 준수 프로그램은 다음 세 가지 요소로 구성됩니다. 
· 위험 관리
· 제어 환경
· 정보 보안

각 AWS 위험 및 규정 준수 프로그램을 자세히 살펴보겠습니다. 
 AWS 관리 팀은 위험 식별과 위험을 완화 또는 관리할 수 있는 컨트롤 구현을 포함하는 전략적 비즈니스 계획을 개발했습니다. 
 AWS 관리 팀은 최소한 1년에 두 번 이상 전략적 비즈니스 계획을 재평가합니다. 
 이 프로세스에서는 관리 팀이 책임 영역 내의 위험을 식별하고 그러한 위험을 해결할 수 있도록 고안된 적절한 대책을 구현해야 합니다. 
또한 AWS 제어 환경은 다양한 내부 및 외부 위험 평가를 거칩니다. 
 AWS 규정 준수 및 보안 팀은 다음 관리 기관을 기반으로 정보 보안 프레임워크 및 정책을 구축했습니다. 
· COBIT(Control Objectives for Information and related Technology)
· AICPA(미국 공인회계사 협회)
· NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)

AWS는 보안 정책을 유지하고, 직원에게 보안 교육을 제공하며, 애플리케이션 보안 검토를 수행합니다. 
 이러한 검토는 정보 보안(IS) 정책에 대한 일치성뿐 아니라 데이터의 기밀성, 무결성 및 가용성도 평가합니다. 
AWS 보안 팀은 정기적으로 모든 인터넷 연결 서비스 엔드포인트 IP 주소를 검사하여 취약성이 있는지 확인합니다(검사는 고객 Amazon EC2 인스턴스 인터페이스에서 수행되지 않음). 
 AWS 보안 팀은 확인된 취약성을 해결하기 위해 해당 당사자에게 취약성을 알립니다. 
 또한 독립적인 보안 회사에서 정기적으로 외부 취약성 위협 평가를 수행합니다. 
 이러한 평가 결과 확인된 내용과 권장사항이 범주화되어 AWS 책임자에게 전달됩니다. 
 이러한 검사는 기본 AWS 인프라의 상태와 실현가능성을 확인하는 방식으로 수행되며, 특정 규정 준수 요건을 충족하는 데 필요한 고객의 자체 취약성 검사를 대체하기 위한 의도로 제공되지 않습니다. 
 고객은 검사가 고객의 인스턴스에 국한되고 AWS Acceptable Use Policy를 위반하지 않는 범위에서 클라우드 인프라 검사를 수행할 수 있는 권한을 요청할 수 있습니다. 
AWS는 Amazon의 전체 통제 환경의 다양한 측면을 활용하는 정책, 프로세스 및 통제 활동을 포함하는 포괄적인 통제 환경을 관리합니다. 
 이 통제 환경은 AWS 서비스 제품군을 안전하게 제공하기 위해 마련되었습니다. 
 이 집합적인 제어 환경은 AWS 제어 프레임워크의 운영 효과를 지원하는 환경을 구성 및 관리하는 데 필요한 인력, 프로세스 및 기술을 포괄합니다. 
 AWS는 선도적인 클라우드 컴퓨팅 산업 기관에서 확인한 적용 가능한 클라우드 관련 컨트롤을 AWS 제어 프레임워크에 통합했습니다. 
 AWS는 고객이 제어 환경을 관리할 수 있도록 더 효과적으로 지원하는 주요 사례를 구현하기 위해 이러한 산업 그룹을 지속적으로 모니터링합니다. 
AWS는 고객 시스템 및 데이터의 기밀성, 무결성, 가용성을 보호할 수 있도록 고안된 공식적인 정보 보안 프로그램을 구현했습니다. 
 AWS는 공개 웹 사이트에 AWS에서 고객이 데이터를 안전하게 보호하도록 도울 수 있는 방법을 설명한 보안 백서를 게시합니다. 
온라인에서 사용 가능한 리소스를 살펴보겠습니다. 

 먼저 http://aws.amazon.com/compliance로 이동합니다. 
  지금까지 다루고 있는 주제에 대한 리소스를 찾을 수 있는 곳입니다. 
 예를 들어, 보증 프로그램을 클릭하면 사용 가능한 프로그램 목록이 표시됩니다. 
 미국을 클릭한 다음 아래로 스크롤하여 HIPAA를 클릭해 봅니다. 
  페이지를 스크롤하면서 많은 정보를 발견할 수 있습니다. 
  페이지 상단에는 HIPAA에 초점을 맞춘 백서가 있습니다. 
  해당 백서를 클릭하면 자세한 pdf 파일이 표시됩니다. 
  이 문서의 제목은 “Architecting for HIPAA Security and Compliance on Amazon Web Services”입니다. 
  목차로 스크롤하면 여기에 나열된 모든 서비스에 대한 HIPAA 규정 준수 정보를 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 이 사이트에 나열된 다른 보증 프로그램에 대해서도 유사한 정보를 찾을 수 있습니다. 
늘 그렇듯이 AWS 고객은 IT 배포 방식에 관계 없이 전체 IT 제어 환경에 대한 적절한 거버넌스를 지속적으로 유지해야 합니다. 
 주요 모범 사례: 
 · 필요한 규정 준수 목표 및 요건 이해(관련 소스에서)
 · 그러한 목표와 요건을 충족하는 제어 환경 구성
 · 조직의 위험 허용 범위에 따라 필요한 확인 이해
 · 제어 환경의 운영 효과 검증 
 
 AWS 클라우드 기반 배포를 통해 대기업에게 다양한 유형의 컨트롤과 다양한 검증 방법을 적용할 수 있는 여러 옵션을 제공할 수 있습니다. 
 강력한 고객 규정 준수와 거버넌스에는 다음과 같은 기본 접근법이 포함될 수 있습니다. 
 · AWS에서 제공하는 정보와 기타 정보를 함께 검토하여 전체 IT 환경을 최대한 이해한 다음 모든 규정 준수 요건을 문서화합니다. 
· 대기업의 규정 준수 요건을 충족하는 제어 목표를 수립하고 구현합니다. 
· 외부 당사자가 소유한 제어 기능을 식별하고 문서화합니다. 
· 모든 제어 목표가 달성되었으며 모든 주요 제어 환경이 효과적으로 설계 및 운영되고 있는지 확인합니다. 
고객은 AWS를 통해 규정 준수 및 거버넌스 프로세스에 참여하여 규정 준수 요건을 충족할 수 있습니다. 
Amazon Web Services 클라우드 규정 준수를 통해 고객은 클라우드에서 보안 및 데이터 보호를 유지하기 위한 AWS의 강력한 통제 환경을 이해할 수 있습니다. 
 시스템이 AWS 클라우드 인프라를 기반으로 구축되기 때문에 규정 준수와 관련된 책임이 공유됩니다. 
 AWS 규정 준수 프로그램은 기존 프로그램을 기반으로 하며, 고객이 AWS 보안 제어 환경을 구성하고 운영할 수 있도록 지원합니다. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services(AWS) 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria였습니다. 
 
 
 - AWS 보안 리소스
 안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria입니다. 
 오늘은 보안 리소스의 개요에 대해 살펴보겠습니다. 
 앞서 언급했듯이 AWS는 다음을 수행하여 고객에게 보안 및 제어 환경을 전달합니다. 
· 산업 인증 및 독립적인 타사 증명
· 백서와 웹 콘텐츠를 통한 AWS 보안 및 규제 관행에 대한 정보
· NDA에 따라 AWS 고객에게 인증서, 보고서 및 기타 문서 직접 제공

AWS가 온라인 도구, 리소스, 지원 및 전문 서비스를 통해 클라우드에서 데이터를 보호할 수 있도록 고객에게 지침 및 전문 지식을 제공하는 방법에 대해 자세히 살펴보겠습니다. 
AWS Trusted Advisor는 맞춤형 클라우드 전문가와 같은 역할을 하는 온라인 도구로서, 모범 사례를 따르도록 리소스를 구성할 수 있도록 도와줍니다. 
 Trusted Advisor는 AWS 환경을 검사하여 보안 격차를 줄이고, 비용 절감과 시스템 성능 개선, 안정성 향상에 대한 기회를 찾을 수 있도록 도와줍니다. 
AWS 계정 팀은 첫 번째 연락 지점을 제공하여 배포 및 구현 과정을 안내하고, 직면할 수 있는 보안 문제를 해결하기 위한 최적의 리소스를 알려 줍니다. 
AWS Enterprise Support는 15분의 응답 시간을 제공하며 전담 기술 계정 관리자와 함께 전화, 채팅 또는 이메일을 통해 24시간 연중 무휴로 이용할 수 있습니다. 
 이 컨시어지 서비스는 고객의 문제가 최대한 신속하게 처리되도록 보장합니다. 
AWS Professional Services 및 AWS 파트너 네트워크는 충분히 검증된 설계를 기반으로 보안 정책과 절차를 개발하고 고객의 보안 설계가 내부 및 외부 규정 준수 요건을 충족하도록 지원합니다. 
 AWS 파트너 네트워크는 고객의 보안 및 규정 준수 요구 사항을 지원하는 전 세계 수백 개의 인증된 AWS 컨설팅 파트너를 보유하고 있습니다. 
AWS 자문 및 게시판을 통해 AWS는 현재의 취약성 및 위협에 대한 자문을 제공하고 고객이 AWS 보안 전문가와 협력하여 침해 사례, 취약성 및 침투 테스트와 같은 문제를 해결할 수 있게 합니다. 
감사, 규정 준수 또는 법적 역할을 수행하는 경우 AWS 감사자 학습 과정을 확인하면 내부 작업이 AWS 플랫폼을 사용하여 규정 준수를 증명할 수 있는 방법을 더 깊이 이해할 수 있습니다. 
 규정 준수 웹 사이트의 추천 교육, 자습형 실습 및 리소스 감사에 액세스할 수 있습니다. 
규정 준수를 어디부터 시작해야 할지 잘 모르거나 자주 사용하는 리소스 및 프로세스에 액세스해야 하는 경우 AWS 규정 준수 솔루션 안내서를 확인합니다. 
 공동 책임 모델 이해, 규정 준수 보고서 요청 또는 보안 질문서 작성과 같은 사용 가능한 규정 준수 솔루션에 대해 알아보십시오. 
기타 유용한 규정 준수 리소스에는 다음 항목이 포함됩니다. 
· 범위 내 서비스. 
 이 페이지는 현재 범위 내에 있는 서비스와 진행 중인 서비스에 대한 세부 정보를 보여 줍니다. 
· AWS 보안 블로그는 AWS 보안 프로그램의 최신 업데이트를 모두 추적할 수 있는 좋은 방법입니다. 
· 사례 연구는 보안과 관련된 AWS의 현재 고객 경험에 대한 통찰력 있는 정보를 제공합니다. 
· PCI, HIPAA, SOC, FedRAMP와 같은 특정 규정 준수 유형에 대한 자주 묻는 질문의 답변을 얻을 수도 있습니다. 
AWS 보안에 대한 자세한 내용을 확인하려면 <http://AWS.amazon.com/security>에 방문하십시오. 
 리소스 탭에서는 개발자 문서, 백서, 도움말 및 자습서로 연결되는 링크 및 AWS 보안 환경을 사용자 지정하는 제품을 검색할 수 있는 AWS Marketplace의 링크를 찾을 수 있습니다. 
 또한 http://AWS.amazon.com/compliance를 방문하고 리소스 탭을 클릭하여 규정 준수 리소스에 대한 자세한 내용을 확인할 수도 있습니다. 
 이 페이지의 리소스는 필수, 워크북, 개인 정보 보호 정책, 정부, 가이드 및 모범 사례 범주로 구성되어 있습니다. 
  추가 정보가 필요한 경우 프로덕션 환경을 구성하기 전에 지식을 적용하는 데 도움이 되는 라이브 또는 가상 강좌의 자습형 실습, 강의식 교육 학습 방식의 AWS 교육을 언제든지 수강할 수 있습니다. 
복습하자면, AWS는 AWS 클라우드에서 데이터의 보안을 보장하기 위해 여러 가지 서비스, 도구, 제품 및 리소스를 제공합니다. 
 http://aws.amazon.com/security 또는 http://aws.amazon.com/compliance를 방문하여 더 많은 리소스를 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services(AWS) 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria였습니다. 
 

- Well Architected 프레임워크 소개
안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Anna Fox입니다. 
 오늘 동영상에서는 Well-Architected 프레임워크에 대해 간략히 소개하겠습니다. 
 AWS Well-Architected 프레임워크는 고객을 돕기 위한 목적입니다. 
 고객이 고유의 아키텍처를 평가 및 개선하고 설계에 대한 의사결정이 비즈니스에 미치는 영향을 더 확실히 파악할 수 있도록 돕기 위한 목적입니다. 
 AWS 전문가는 고객이 아키텍처를 분석하고 비평적으로 생각하는 데 도움이 되는 여러 가지 질문을 개발했습니다. 
 인프라가 모범 사례를 따르는지 확인하는 데 도움을 줍니다. 
 이를 통해 AWS는 다섯 가지 관점 또는 핵심 요소로부터 아키텍처를 설계하는 데 도움이 되는 안내서를 개발했습니다. 
 이러한 핵심 요소는 보안, 안정성, 성능 효율성, 비용 최적화 및 운영 우수성입니다. 
 이 동영상 전체에 걸쳐 각 핵심 요소를 자세히 살펴볼 것입니다. 
 또한 각 핵심 요소의 설계 원칙에 대해서도 논의해 보겠습니다. 
 이제 보안 핵심 요소를 알아보겠습니다. 
 보안 핵심 요소에는 위험 평가 및 완화 전략을 통해 정보, 시스템 및 자산을 보호하는 동시에 비즈니스 가치를 제공하는 능력이 포함됩니다. 
 여기에서 좀 더 자세히 살펴보자면, 클라우드 보안은 다섯 가지 영역으로 구성되어 있습니다. 
 각 영역에 대해 간략히 알아보겠습니다. 
 · 먼저 AWS Identity and Access Management(IAM)가 있습니다. 
 이는 고객이 의도한 방식에 따라 권한이 부여되고 인증된 사용자만 리소스에 액세스할 수 있도록 보장하는 데 매우 중요한 역할을 합니다. 
 · 그리고 탐지 제어도 있습니다. 
 탐지 제어는 로그를 캡처하거나 분석하고 감사 제어를 통합하는 것과 같은 접근 방식을 고려하여 잠재적인 보안 사고를 식별하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 
 · 그 다음, 인프라 보호도 있습니다. 
 이를 통해 아키텍처 내의 시스템과 서비스가 의도치 않은 무단 액세스로부터 보호됩니다. 
 예를 들어 사용자는 네트워크 경계, 강화 및 패치 작업, 사용자/키/액세스 수준, 애플리케이션 방화벽 또는 게이트웨이를 생성할 수 있습니다. 
 · 그리고 데이터 보호가 있습니다. 
 데이터 보호의 경우 고려해야 할 많은 접근 방식과 방법이 있습니다. 
 여기에는 데이터 분류, 암호화, 보관된 데이터 및 전송 중인 데이터 보호, 데이터 백업, 그리고 필요할 때의 복제 및 복구가 포함됩니다. 
 · 마지막으로, 사고 대응이 있습니다. 
 모든 예방 및 탐지 방법을 사용하더라도 조직은 잠재적 보안 사고에 대응하고 그 영향을 완화하기 위한 사고 대응 프로세스를 마련해야 합니다. 
 사고 대응은 적절한 시기에 복구 작업을 수행할 수 있도록 아키텍처가 업데이트되도록 보장합니다. 
 설계할 때에는 보안을 강화하는 데 도움이 되는 이러한 설계 원칙을 고려하는 것이 중요합니다. 
 AWS의 첫 번째 설계 원칙은 모든 계층에 보안을 적용하는 것입니다. 
 고객은 모든 장소와 모든 계층의 인프라를 보호하고자 합니다. 
 물리적 데이터 센터에서 보안은 일반적으로 주변에 대해서만 고려됩니다. 
 AWS를 사용하면 주변뿐만 아니라 리소스 내와 리소스 간에 보안을 구현할 수 있습니다. 
 이를 통해 개별 환경과 구성 요소가 서로 안전하게 보호됩니다. 
 그런 다음 AWS는 추적 기능을 활성화하고자 합니다. 
 고객은 환경에 대한 모든 작업 또는 변경 사항을 기록하고 감사하여 이를 수행할 수 있습니다. 
 또 다른 유용한 설계 원칙은 최소 권한의 원칙을 구현하는 것입니다. 
 기본적으로 고객은 환경의 권한 부여가 적절한지, AWS 리소스에 대한 강력한 논리적 액세스 제어를 구현하고 있는지 확인하고자 합니다. 
 다음으로, AWS는 고객이 시스템 보안에 집중하도록 보장하고 싶습니다. 
 AWS 공동 책임 모델을 사용하면 AWS에서 보안 인프라 및 서비스를 제공하므로 고객은 애플리케이션, 데이터 및 운영 체제 보안에 집중할 수 있습니다. 
 마지막으로, 기억해야 할 마지막 설계 원칙은 보안 모범 사례를 자동화하는 것입니다. 
 소프트웨어 기반 보안 메커니즘은 더욱 빠르고 비용 효율적으로 안전하게 확장하는 기능을 개선합니다. 
 예를 들어 가상 서버의 패치 적용 및 강화된 이미지를 만들어 저장한 다음, 해당 이미지가 필요할 때 이미 강화되고 패치 적용된 동일한 이미지를 사용하여 자동으로 새 인스턴스를 만드는 것이 권장됩니다. 
 또 다른 모범 사례는 정기적인 보안 이벤트와 비정상적인 보안 이벤트에 대한 응답을 자동화하는 것입니다. 
 다음은 안정성 핵심 요소에 대해 살펴보겠습니다. 
 안정성 핵심 요소에는 인프라 또는 서비스 장애로부터 복구할 수 있는 시스템의 기능이 포함됩니다. 
 또한 수요를 충족하고 중단 사태를 완화하기 위해 컴퓨팅 리소스를 동적으로 확보하는 기능에 중점을 둡니다. 
 그 결과, 장애로부터 복구하고 수요를 충족하는 기능을 지원하는 안정성을 얻을 수 있습니다. 
 클라우드의 안정성은 기반, 변경 관리 및 장애 관리라는 세 가지 영역으로 구성됩니다 안정성을 확보하려면 아키텍처 및 시스템이 수요 또는 요구 변화를 처리하며 장애를 탐지하고 자동으로 해결할 수 있는 잘 계획된 기반을 갖춰야 합니다. 
 모든 유형의 구조를 설계하기 전에는 건설 전에 미리 기반을 잘 살펴보는 것이 매우 중요합니다. 
 클라우드에서도 마찬가지로 모든 시스템을 설계하기 전에 안정성에 영향을 미치는 기본 요구 사항이 준비되어 있어야 합니다. 
 변경 관리의 경우 변경 사항이 시스템에 미치는 영향을 완전히 이해하고 인식하는 것이 중요합니다. 
 사전 계획을 세우고 시스템을 모니터링하면 빠르고 안정적으로 변경 사항을 수용하고 조정할 수 있습니다. 
 아키텍처가 안정적인지 확인하기 위해서는 장애를 예측하고 인식하며 대응하고 장애 발생을 방지하는 것이 중요합니다. 
 클라우드 환경에서는 자동화된 모니터링 기능을 활용하고 환경의 시스템을 교체하며 이후 장애가 발생한 시스템의 문제를 해결할 수 있습니다. 
 이 모든 작업이 안정적인 상태에서 낮은 비용으로 수행됩니다. 
 이제 안정성 설계 원칙을 알아보겠습니다. 
 안정성을 향상시킬 수 있는 설계 원칙에는 복구 절차 테스트가 포함됩니다. 
 클라우드에서 사용자는 시스템에 어떻게 장애가 발생하는지 테스트할 수 있으며 복구 절차를 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 사용자는 실제 장애가 발생하기 전에 다른 장애를 시뮬레이션하고 공개한 다음 대응할 수 있습니다. 
 다음으로, AWS는 장애로부터 자동으로 복구합니다. 
 AWS에서는 임계값이 초과될 때 자동 대응을 트리거할 수 있습니다. 
 이를 통해 장애가 발생하기 전에 미리 예측하여 해결할 수 있습니다. 
 다음 원칙은 수평적으로 확장하여 전체 시스템 가용성을 높이는 것입니다. 
 하나의 큰 리소스가 있을 때 이 리소스를 여러 개의 작은 리소스로 대체하여 단일 장애 지점이 전체 시스템에 미치는 영향을 줄이는 것이 유용합니다. 
 따라서 여기에서의 목표는 수평적으로 확장하고 여러 작은 리소스 간에 요구 사항을 분산하는 것입니다. 
 다음 설계 원칙은 용량에 대한 추측을 중단하는 것입니다. 
 클라우드 환경에서 고객은 수요와 시스템 사용률을 모니터링하고, 리소스 추가 또는 제거를 자동화할 수 있는 기능을 갖게 됩니다. 
 이를 통해 프로비저닝 과다 또는 부족 현상 없이 최적의 수준으로 수요를 충족할 수 있습니다. 
 마지막으로, AWS는 변경 사항과 자동화를 관리합니다. 
 아키텍처 및 인프라에 대한 변경은 자동화된 방식으로 수행되어야 합니다. 
 이렇게 하면 모든 단일 시스템 또는 리소스가 아닌 자동화 변경만 관리하면 됩니다. 
 이제 성능 효율성 핵심 요소를 알아보겠습니다. 
 클라우드에서 성능 효율성 핵심 요소는 선택, 검토, 모니터링 및 트레이드오프라는 네 가지 요소로 구성됩니다. 
 각 영역을 자세히 살펴보겠습니다. 
 선택의 경우 아키텍처를 최적화할 가장 적합한 솔루션을 선택하는 것이 중요합니다. 
 하지만 이러한 솔루션은 보유한 워크로드의 종류에 따라 달라집니다. 
 AWS에서는 리소스를 가상화할 수 있으며 다양한 유형 및 구성으로 솔루션을 사용자 지정할 수 있습니다. 
 검토를 통해 솔루션을 지속적으로 혁신하고 새롭게 사용 가능한 기술 및 접근 방식을 활용할 수 있습니다. 
 이렇게 새롭게 출시된 제품은 아키텍처의 성능 효율성을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 
 모니터링의 경우, 아키텍처를 구현한 후 성능을 모니터링하여 고객이 문제의 영향을 받고 인식하기 전에 해당 문제를 해결할 수 있어야 합니다. 
 AWS를 사용하면 Amazon CloudWatch, Amazon Kinesis, Amazon Simple Queue Service(Amazon SQS) 및 AWS Lambda와 같은 도구를 사용하여 자동화를 사용하고 아키텍처를 모니터링할 수 있습니다. 
 마지막으로, 트레이드오프가 있습니다. 
 최적의 접근 방식을 보장하는 트레이드오프의 예는 일관성, 내구성 및 공간을 위해 시간 또는 지연 시간을 절충하여 높은 성능을 제공하는 것입니다. 
 이제 성능 효율성을 달성하는 데 도움이 되는 설계 원칙을 살펴보겠습니다. 
 먼저, 고급 기술의 대중화입니다. 
 기술에 대한 지식과 복잡성을 클라우드 업체가 제공하는 서비스로 극복하면서, 구현하기 어려운 기술도 간편하게 사용할 수 있습니다. 
 IT 팀은 새로운 기술을 호스팅하고 실행하는 방법을 배우는 대신, 이를 서비스로 사용하기만 하면 됩니다. 
 그 다음, AWS는 몇 분 만에 전 세계로 확장할 수 있습니다. 
 AWS를 사용하면 전 세계 여러 리전에 시스템을 쉽게 배포할 수 있으면서 최소의 비용으로 고객에게 더 낮은 지연 시간과 더 나은 경험을 제공할 수 있습니다. 
 성능 효율성을 달성하는 데 도움이 되는 다음 설계 원칙은 서버리스 아키텍처를 사용하는 것입니다. 
 클라우드 환경에서는 컴퓨팅 활동을 위해 기존 서버를 실행하고 유지 관리할 필요가 없습니다. 
 또한 운영 부담을 없애고 트랜잭션 비용을 낮출 수도 있습니다. 
 또 다른 설계 원칙은 더 자주 실험하는 것입니다. 
 가상화를 통해 테스트를 빠르게 수행하여 효율성을 높일 수 있습니다. 
 마지막으로, 기계적 동조라는 원칙이 있습니다. 
 이 원칙은 달성하려는 목표에 가장 부합하는 기술 접근 방식을 사용할 것을 제안합니다. 
 다음 핵심 요소는 전체 수명 주기에 걸쳐 지속적으로 시스템을 개선 및 개량하는 프로세스가 포함된 비용 최적화 요소입니다. 
 이 핵심 요소는 비용 효율적인 시스템을 구축 및 운영하고 투자수익률을 극대화할 수 있다는 아이디어를 포함합니다. 
 비용 최적화 핵심 요소는 비용 효율적인 리소스, 수요와 공급의 균형, 지출 인식 및 시간에 따른 최적화라는 네 가지 영역으로 구성됩니다. 
 완전하게 비용 최적화된 시스템은 기능 요구 사항을 충족하는 한편, 가장 낮은 가격대에서 최상의 성과를 달성하기 위해 모든 리소스를 사용합니다. 
 시스템이 적절한 서비스, 리소스 및 구성을 사용하고 있는지 확인하는 것이 비용 절감의 주요 요소 중 하나입니다. 
 사용자는 프로비저닝, 크기 조정, 구매 옵션 및 기타 특성과 같은 세부 정보에 집중하여 필요에 맞는 최적의 아키텍처를 보유하고 있는지 확인하고자 합니다. 
 비용 최적화의 또 다른 요소는 수요와 공급의 균형입니다. 
 AWS 클라우드를 사용하면 클라우드 아키텍처의 탄력성을 활용하여 변화하는 수요를 충족할 수 있습니다. 
 자동 조정을 하고 다른 서비스에서 알림을 받아 수요 변화로 인한 공급을 조정할 수 있습니다. 
 그 다음으로, 지출 인식이 있습니다. 
 비즈니스에서 발생하는 지출 및 비용 요인을 완전히 인식하고 인지하는 것이 매우 중요합니다. 
 따라서 현재 비용을 확인하고, 이해하고, 분석하고, 미래 비용을 예측하고, 그에 따른 계획을 세워야만 클라우드에서 아키텍처의 비용 최적화가 실현됩니다. 
 마지막으로, AWS에서는 시간에 따라 최적화할 수 있습니다. 
 모든 도구와 서로 다른 접근 방식을 사용하면 AWS 플랫폼에서 수집한 데이터를 바탕으로 아키텍처를 측정, 모니터링 및 개선할 수 있습니다. 
 비용 최적화 설계 원칙에 대해 살펴보겠습니다. 
 우리의 첫 번째 원칙은 소비 모델을 도입하는 것입니다. 
 소비 모델을 통해 사용하는 컴퓨팅 리소스에 대해서만 비용을 지불하고 비즈니스 요구 사항에 따라 증감할 수 있습니다. 
 다음 원칙은 전반적인 효율성을 측정하는 것입니다. 
 시스템의 비즈니스 생산량과 이를 제공하는 것과 관련된 비용을 측정한 다음 이 측정 결과를 통해 생산량 증가와 비용 절감으로 발생하는 이익을 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 
 다음 설계 원칙은 데이터 센터 운영에 필요한 비용 지출을 중단하는 것을 의미합니다. 
 AWS를 사용하면 서버를 랙에 설치하고, 쌓아 올리고, 서버에 전원을 공급하는 등의 과중한 업무를 수행할 필요가 없습니다. 
 AWS가 대신 그러한 작업을 수행하므로, IT 인프라 대신 고객과 비즈니스 프로젝트에 완전히 집중할 수 있습니다. 
 다음 설계 원칙은 지출을 분석하고 부과하는 것입니다. 
 클라우드는 보다 손쉽게 시스템의 사용 및 비용을 정확하게 파악할 수 있게 해 줍니다. 
 고객은 투자수익률을 측정할 수 있으며, 이는 리소스를 최적화하고 비용을 절감할 수 있는 기회를 제공합니다. 
 마지막으로, 고객은 관리형 서비스를 사용하여 소유 비용을 줄이는 것이 좋습니다. 
 클라우드는 많은 관리형 서비스를 제공하여 이메일 전송 또는 데이터베이스 관리와 같은 작업을 위해 서버를 유지 관리하는 데 따른 운영 부담을 없애 줍니다. 
 모두 클라우드 규모로 운영되므로, 트랜잭션별 또는 서비스별 비용을 더 저렴하게 제공할 수 있습니다. 
 다음 핵심 요소는 운영 우수성입니다. 
 운영 우수성은 지속적으로 프로세스와 절차를 개선하여 비즈니스 가치를 제공하기 위해 시스템을 실행하고 모니터링하는 데 중점을 둡니다. 
 운영 우수성의 핵심 아이디어 중 일부는 변경 관리 및 자동화, 이벤트 응답, 일일 작업을 성공적으로 관리하기 위한 표준 정의를 포함합니다. 
 곧 공개될 백서에 운영 우수성 핵심 요소에 관한 추가 정보가 포함될 예정입니다. 
 이제 오늘 논의한 사항에 대해 살펴보겠습니다. 
 AWS Well Architected 프레임워크는 고객이 고유의 아키텍처를 평가 및 개선하고 설계에 대한 의사결정이 비즈니스에 미치는 영향을 더 확실히 파악할 수 있도록 돕기 위해 개발되었습니다. 
 지금까지 보안, 안정성, 성능 효율성, 비용 최적화 및 운영 우수성과 같은 AWS Well Architected 프레임워크를 구성하는 핵심 요소에 대해 알아보았습니다. 
 이 프레임워크에 대한 자세한 정보와 전략은 aws.amazon.com에서 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Anna Fox였습니다. 
 
 - 내결함성 및 고가용성
 안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Anna Fox입니다. 
 이 동영상에서는 내결함성과 고가용성 아키텍처에 대해 살펴보겠습니다. 
 먼저, 내결함성과 고가용성의 의미에 대해 이야기해 보겠습니다. 
 내결함성이란 시스템의 일부 구성 요소에 장애가 발생해도 시스템이 계속 작동할 수 있는 기능을 의미합니다. 
 애플리케이션 구성 요소의 내장된 중복성이라고 할 수 있습니다. 
 그리고 전체 시스템에 대한 개념인 고가용성이 있습니다. 
 이 시스템의 목표는 시스템이 항상 작동하고 액세스 가능한 상태를 유지하며, 사용자의 개입 없이 중단 시간을 가능한 최소화하는 것입니다. 
 사이트를 단 1분 동안 사용할 수 없는 경우에도 비즈니스가 중대한 손상을 입을 수 있습니다. 
 하지만 Amazon Web Services는 이렇게 필요한 시간을 지원하는 도구를 제공합니다. 
 AWS 플랫폼은 사용자가 내결함성이 있고 가용성이 뛰어난 시스템 및 아키텍처를 이상적으로 구축할 수 있도록 해 줍니다. 
 AWS는 사용자가 최소한의 개입 및 선행 비용 투자로 이 시스템을 구축할 수 있다는 점에서 특별합니다. 
 또한 필요에 따라 사용자 지정할 수도 있습니다. 
  그러면 온프레미스 환경과 AWS의 가용성을 비교해 보겠습니다. 
 전통적으로 로컬 데이터 센터에서 고가용성을 보장하는 것은 비용이 많이 들며, 일반적으로 미션 크리티컬 애플리케이션에서만 보장됩니다. 
 하지만 AWS에서는 선택하는 서버 간에 가용성과 복구 가능성을 확장할 수 있는 옵션을 갖습니다. 
 여러 서버, 각 리전 내의 여러 가용 영역, 여러 리전에서 고가용성을 보장할 수 있으며, 원하는 경우 내결함성 서비스에 액세스할 수 있습니다. 
 AWS가 제공하는 본질적으로 가용성이 높은 서비스 및 적절한 아키텍처와 함께 사용 가능한 서비스를 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 그렇다면 일부 특정 서비스가 고가용성을 보장하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있는 방법을 자세히 알아보겠습니다. 
 다음 항목을 살펴봅니다. 
· 탄력적 로드 밸런서(ELB)
· 탄력적 IP 주소
· Amazon Route 53
· Auto Scaling
· Amazon CloudWatch

먼저 탄력적 로드 밸런서(ELB)가 있습니다. 
 ELB는 수신하는 트래픽, 즉 로드를 인스턴스에 분산하는 서비스입니다. 
 또한 ELB는 관리형 모니터링 서비스인 Amazon CloudWatch에 측정치를 전송할 수 있습니다. 
 이 내용은 이 모듈의 후반부에서 더 자세히 설명하겠습니다. 
 따라서 ELB는 트리거 역할을 할 수 있으며 높은 지연 시간 또는 서버가 과도하게 사용되는 경우에 사용자에게 알릴 수 있습니다. 
 ELB를 사용자 지정할 수도 있습니다. 
 예를 들어, 인스턴스에서 비정상적인 측정치 또는 특정 측정치를 인식하도록 구성할 수 있습니다. 
 퍼블릭 또는 내부 솔루션이 될 수 있습니다. 
 마지막으로, 여러 개의 서로 다른 프로토콜을 사용할 수 있습니다. 
그 다음, 탄력적 IP 주소가 있습니다. 
 탄력적 IP 주소는 애플리케이션에 대해 높은 내결함성을 제공하는 데 유용합니다. 
 탄력적 IP는 동적 클라우드 컴퓨팅에 적합하게 설계된 고정 IP 주소입니다. 
 이 도구를 통해 사용자가 같은 IP 주소를 가진 대체 리소스를 사용할 수 있게 함으로써 인스턴스 또는 소프트웨어의 장애를 숨길 수 있습니다. 
 탄력적 IP 주소를 사용하면 인스턴스에 장애가 발생해도 클라이언트가 여전히 애플리케이션에 액세스할 수 있으므로 고가용성이 보장됩니다. 
  또 다른 서비스는 Amazon Route 53입니다. 
 Amazon Route 53은 AWS에서 제공하는 신뢰할 수 있는 DNS 서비스입니다. 
 이 서비스는 도메인 이름을 IP 주소로 변환하는 데 사용됩니다. 
 Amazon Route 53은 최고 수준의 가용성을 염두에 두고 설계 및 유지 관리됩니다. 
 간단한 출력, 지연 시간 기반 라우팅, 상태 확인 및 DNS 장애 조치 및 지리 위치 라우팅을 지원하기 위해 개발되었습니다. 
 이러한 모든 특성은 고객용 애플리케이션의 가용성을 높입니다. 
Auto Scaling은 지정된 조건에 따라 인스턴스를 시작 또는 종료합니다. 
 이 서비스는 고객 수요의 변화에 따라 조정 및 수정할 수 있는 유연한 시스템을 구축하는 데 도움을 주기 위해 설계되었습니다. 
 Auto Scaling을 사용하면 새 리소스를 생성하는 데 대한 제한을 방지할 수 있습니다. 
 대신, 새로운 온디맨드 리소스를 만들거나 예약된 프로비저닝을 사용할 수 있습니다. 
 이를 통해 로드와 관계없이 언제든 애플리케이션과 시스템을 사용할 수 있습니다. 
 또한 정책에 따라 프로비저닝을 확장 또는 축소할 수 있다는 점을 염두에 두어야 합니다. 
 마지막으로, Amazon CloudWatch가 있습니다. 
 Amazon CloudWatch는 분산된 통계 수집 시스템입니다. 
 애플리케이션의 지표를 수집하고 추적합니다. 
 또 다른 특징은 자체 사용자 지정 지표를 생성하고 사용할 수 있다는 것입니다. 
 지연 시간이 높거나 설정한 임계값을 초과한 지표가 있으면 CloudWatch가 자동으로 조정하여 아키텍처의 고가용성을 보장할 수 있습니다. 
 이제 몇 가지 내결함성 도구를 살펴보겠습니다. 
 먼저 내결함성 애플리케이션의 핵심 요소로 사용될 수 있는 Amazon Simple Queue Service(Amazon SQS)가 있습니다. 
 이는 매우 안정적인 분산 메시징 시스템입니다. 
 Amazon SQS는 대기열을 항상 사용할 수 있도록 도와줍니다. 
 그리고 높은 내구성과 내결함성 데이터 스토리지를 제공하는 Amazon Simple Storage Service(Amazon S3)가 있습니다. 
 간편하게 사용할 수 있고 실제 사용하는 스토리지에 대해서만 비용을 지불하는 웹 서비스입니다. 
 Amazon S3는 한 리전의 여러 시설에 걸쳐 서로 다른 여러 디바이스에 모든 데이터를 중복 저장하므로 장애가 발생하는 경우에도 모든 정보에 계속 액세스할 수 있습니다. 
 Amazon SimpleDB는 내결함성과 내구성을 갖춘 체계적인 데이터 스토리지 솔루션입니다. 
 SimpleDB를 사용하면 확장 가능한 서비스를 최대한 활용할 수 있으며 고가용성과 내결함성을 위한 자연스러운 설계를 통해 단일 장애 지점을 방지할 수 있습니다. 
 그런 다음 관계형 데이터베이스와 관련하여 사용할 수 있는 또 다른 웹 서비스 도구인 Amazon Relational Database Service(Amazon RDS)가 있습니다. 
 중요한 데이터베이스의 안정성을 향상시키는 몇 가지 기능을 제공함으로써 고가용성 및 내결함성을 제공합니다. 
 이러한 기능 중 일부에는 자동 백업, 스냅샷 및 다중 가용 영역 배포를 포함됩니다. 
 이러한 모든 서비스는 고가용성 및 내결함성 시스템을 보장할 수 있는 높은 안정성과 내구성을 갖춘 내결함성 도구입니다. 
 내결함성 및 고가용성을 갖춘 아키텍처를 구축하는 것은 그렇게 어렵지 않습니다. 
 AWS 플랫폼을 사용하면 제공되는 서비스 및 도구를 활용하여 애플리케이션 및 시스템의 고가용성과 내결함성을 높일 수 있습니다. 
 고가용성 및 내결함성을 갖춘 서비스 및 아키텍처에 대한 자세한 내용은 <http://aws.amazon.com/ko>에서 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Anna Fox였습니다.
 
 - 웹 호스팅
 안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Anna Fox입니다. 
 오늘은 웹 호스팅에 대해 간략히 알아보겠습니다. 
 기존 방식의 확장 가능한 웹 호스팅은 비용이 높고 시간이 많이 소요되며 어려운 프로세스일 수 있습니다. 
 하지만 반드시 그런 방식을 사용할 필요는 없습니다. 
 AWS 클라우드의 웹 호스팅은 빠르고 간단하며 쉽고 비용이 적게 듭니다. 
 컴퓨팅, 스토리지, 데이터베이스 및 애플리케이션 서비스 같은 종합적인 AWS 도구 및 서비스 세트를 사용하여 쉽게 배포하고 유지 관리할 수 있습니다. 
 소셜 미디어 앱을 개발하는 경우 호스팅할 수 있는 웹 애플리케이션에는 회사 웹 사이트, 콘텐츠 관리 시스템 또는 내부 SharePoint 사이트가 포함됩니다. 
웹 호스팅 시 발생할 수 있는 몇 가지 공통된 문제와 난관이 있습니다. 
 그중 일부는 인프라, 아키텍처 문제 및 최종 비용과 관련이 있을 수 있습니다. 
 하지만 AWS는 이러한 공통된 문제에 대한 솔루션을 제공할 수 있습니다. 
 피크 및 비용 효율적인 방식으로 이러한 피크를 처리하는 방법에 대한 공통의 딜레마가 나타나곤 합니다. 
 피크 및 대규모 고객 수요라는 큰 문제를 가질 수 있는데, 이는 여전히 중대한 문제가 될 수 있습니다. 
 기존의 방식으로 이러한 피크 용량을 처리하기 위해서는 여러 서버를 프로비저닝해야 할 것입니다. 
 이렇게 되면 일부 피크 시간 동안 리소스에 많은 시간과 돈을 소비하게 될 수 있습니다. 
 하지만 AWS는 추가 서버의 온디맨드 프로비저닝을 활용할 수 있으므로 고객은 용량과 비용을 실제 트래픽 패턴에 맞게 조정할 수 있습니다. 
 예를 들어, 웹 애플리케이션이 오전에는 느리지만 오후 5시 전후에 피크에 도달하면 트래픽 추이를 기반으로 해당 시간에 필요한 리소스를 프로비저닝할 수 있습니다. 
 이로 인해 용량의 낭비가 제한되며 비용이 50% 이상 줄어들 수 있습니다. 
이제 웹 호스팅 아키텍처는 비용 효율적일 뿐 아니라 확장 가능한 솔루션이 될 수 있습니다. 
 트래픽이 급증할 때에는 실행이 필요한 인스턴스가 있는지 확인하는 것이 매우 중요합니다. 
 이렇게 트래픽이 예기치 않게 급증하는 경우 적절한 시간에 대응할 수 없는 기존의 아키텍처를 피할 수 있습니다. 
 AWS를 사용하면 새로운 호스트를 시작하고 몇 분 안에 활용하도록 준비하며 불필요한 경우 축소할 수 있습니다. 
 리소스 테스트와 관련된 또 다른 공통된 문제도 방지할 수 있습니다. 
 사전 프로덕션, 베타 또는 테스트 환경을 개발할 때에는 많은 비용과 시간이 소요될 수 있습니다. 
 또한 리소스를 사용하지 않을 경우 많은 대금을 낭비하게 될 수 있습니다. 
 대신 AWS 클라우드를 사용하면 필요할 때 테스팅 집합을 프로비저닝할 수 있습니다. 
 서비스 중단이 거의 없거나 전혀 없는 준비 환경을 빠르게 개발할 수 있습니다. 
 AWS 클라우드의 또 다른 장점은 로드 테스트 중에 사용자 트래픽을 시뮬레이션할 수 있다는 것입니다. 
따라서 이와 같습니다. 
 기존 웹 호스팅 아키텍처를 AWS 클라우드로 전송하기로 결정했다고 가정해 봅니다. 
 전송 시 유용할 수 있는 일부 AWS 제품을 살펴보겠습니다. 
 웹 호스팅에 대해 고려할 수 있는 서비스는 다음과 같습니다. 
· Amazon Virtual Private Cloud(Amazon VPC)
· Amazon Route 53
· Amazon CloudFront
· Elastic Load Balancing(ELB)
· 방화벽/AWS Shield
· Auto Scaling
· 앱 서버/Elastic Compute Cloud(Amazon EC2) 인스턴스 
· Amazon ElastiCache
· Amazon Relational Database Services(Amazon RDS)
· Amazon Dynamo DB

각 서비스의 특성에 대한 자세한 내용은 제품 아래의 AWS 홈 페이지에서 확인할 수 있습니다. 
현재 AWS 클라우드를 사용할 때 염두에 둘 주요 고려 사항이 많이 있습니다. 
 이제 클라우드에서 호스팅할 때 이러한 주요 아키텍처 변화에 대해 살펴보겠습니다. 
· 먼저, 물리적 네트워크 어플라이언스가 제거됩니다. 
 이에 더해 물리적 디바이스에 AWS 애플리케이션용 방화벽, 라우터 및 로드 밸런서를 더 이상 가질 수 없으며, 대신 소프트웨어 솔루션으로 교체해야 합니다. 
· 그 다음, 어디에나 방화벽이 있어야 합니다. 
 AWS는 더 안전한 모델을 적용하므로 모든 호스트가 차단되어 있는지 확인합니다. 
 특정 트래픽을 허용하거나 거부하는 보안 그룹을 만들 수 있지만, 해당 정책을 적용해야 합니다. 
 · 그런 다음 여러 데이터 센터의 가용성을 고려해 보는 것이 좋습니다. 
 가용 영역 및 AWS 리전을 통해 이러한 위치에 애플리케이션을 쉽게 배포하여 높은 가용성과 안정성을 보장할 수 있습니다. 
 · 고려해야 할 다음 아이디어는 가장 중요한 것일 수 있는데, 바로 호스트와 관련된 것입니다. 
 AWS를 사용하면 호스트는 임시적이고 동적인 것으로 간주됩니다. 
 오늘 모듈에서는 웹 호스팅 및 AWS 클라우드가 비용 효율적이고 확장 가능한 온디맨드 솔루션을 지원할 수 있는 방법에 대해 간략히 알아보았습니다. 
 또한 웹 호스팅 아키텍처를 지원할 수 있는 AWS 서비스에 대해 알아보았습니다. 
 마지막으로, AWS 웹 호스팅과 관련한 주요 고려 사항에 대해서도 알아보았습니다. 
 웹 호스팅에 대한 자세한 내용은 <http://aws.amazon.com/ko>에서 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 또한 다음의 URL에서 AWS 클라우드의 웹 애플리케이션 호스팅과 관련된 백서 같은 추가 리소스도 검토할 수 있습니다: <https://aws.amazon.com/whitepapers/web-application-hosting-best-practices/>. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Anna Fox였습니다. 

 
 - 요금 기본 정보·
 안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria입니다. 
 오늘은 AWS 요금 기본 정보에 대해 알아보겠습니다. 
 AWS는 다양한 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스를 제공합니다. 
 각 서비스에서 고객은 정확히 실제로 사용한 리소스 양에 대해 비용을 지불합니다. 
 이러한 유틸리티 스타일 가격 결정에 포함되는 항목은 다음과 같습니다. 
· 종량 과금제
· 예약하는 경우 지불 비용 감소
· 더 많이 사용할수록 단위당 더 적은 비용 지불
· AWS 규모가 커짐에 따라 더 적은 비용 지불

이러한 요금의 핵심 개념에 대해 좀 더 자세히 살펴보겠습니다. 
 데이터 센터 구축 사업을 하는 경우를 제외하고는 아마 지금까지 데이터 센터 구축에 너무 많은 시간과 비용을 소비했을 것입니다. 
 AWS에서는 서버나 인프라 구매 또는 시설 임대를 비롯하여 고가의 인프라 구축에 소중한 리소스를 쏟아부을 필요가 없습니다. 
 AWS에서는 대규모 초기 비용을 저렴한 가변 비용으로 대체할 수 있고 필요한 기간 동안 사용한 만큼만 비용을 지불하면 됩니다. 
 모든 AWS 서비스는 온디맨드로 제공되며, 장기 계약을 맺지 않아도 되고, 복잡한 라이선스에 의존할 필요가 없습니다. 
사용한 만큼 지불하는 종량 과금제를 통해 예산을 과도하게 할당하지 않고도 변화하는 비즈니스 요구에 손쉽게 대응하고. 
변화에 대한 응답성을 개선할 수 있습니다. 
 종량 과금제 모델에서는 예측치가 아닌 정확한 수요에 따라 비즈니스에 대응할 수 있으므로 위험이나 초과 프로비저닝 또는 누락되는 용량을 줄일 수 있습니다. 
필요한 만큼만 서비스 요금을 지불함으로써 혁신 및 발명에 집중할 수 있으므로 조달 복잡성을 줄이고 비즈니스에 완전한 탄력성을 부여할 수 있습니다. 
Amazon EC2 및 Amazon RDS와 같은 특정 서비스의 경우, 예약 용량에 투자할 수 있습니다. 
 예약 인스턴스의 경우 동일한 온디맨드 용량과 비교하여 최대 75%까지 절감할 수 있습니다. 
 예약 인스턴스는 3가지 옵션인, 전체 선결제 금액(AURI), 부분 선결제 금액(PURI), 선결제 금액 없음(NURI)으로 제공됩니다. 
예약 인스턴스를 구입할 때 선결제 금액이 클수록 할인도 커집니다. 
 절감액을 최대화하려면 전체를 선결제 금액으로 지불하고 가장 큰 폭의 할인을 받으면 됩니다. 
 부분 선결제 금액 RI는 할인폭은 낮지만 미리 지불하는 금액이 적습니다. 
 마지막으로, 선결제 금액을 내지 않고 작은 폭의 할인을 받지만, 자금을 확보하여 다른 프로젝트에 사용하도록 선택할 수 있습니다. 
 예약 용량을 사용함으로써 조직은 위험을 최소화하고, 예산을 좀 더 예측 가능하게 관리하며, 장기 약정을 요구하는 정책을 준수할 수 있습니다. 
AWS에서는 규모에 따른 할인을 받을 수 있으며 사용량이 늘수록 의미 있는 비용 절감이 실현됩니다. 
 Amazon S3 및 EC2에서 데이터 송신과 같은 서비스의 경우 요금이 계층화되어 있습니다. 
 즉, 사용량이 많을수록 기가바이트당 비용이 저렴해집니다. 
 또한, 데이터 수신 요금은 언제나 무료입니다. 
 따라서 AWS 사용 요구가 증가함에 따라 도입을 확장하면서 비용은 통제할 수 있는 규모의 경제 이점을 활용할 수 있습니다. 
조직이 성장함에 따라 AWS에서는 고객이 비즈니스 요구를 처리하는 데 도움이 되는 서비스를 확보할 수 있도록 옵션을 제공합니다. 
 예를 들어 AWS의 스토리지 서비스 포트폴리오는 데이터 액세스 빈도와 데이터 검색에 필요한 성능에 따라 비용을 줄일 수 있는 옵션을 제공합니다. 
 비용 절감을 최적화하기 위해서는 성능, 보안 및 안정성을 유지하면서 비용을 절감할 수 있는 적절한 스토리지 솔루션의 조합을 선택해야 합니다. 
AWS는 지속적으로 데이터 센터 하드웨어 비용을 줄이고, 운영 효율성을 향상하며, 전력 소비를 줄이고, 비즈니스 운영 비용을 낮추는 데 중점을 두고 있습니다. 
 이러한 최적화 및 내실 있게 성장하는 AWS의 규모의 경제로 인해 얻은 절약 효과를 요금 인하의 형태로 고객에게 돌려드립니다. 
 2006년 이래 AWS는 44번 요금을 인하했습니다. 
AWS는 모든 고객에게 서로 다른 요구 사항이 있다는 점을 알고 있습니다. 
 프로젝트에 대해 적합한 AWS의 요금 모델이 없는 경우 고유한 요구 사항이 있는 대용량 프로젝트에 대해 요금을 사용자 지정할 수 있습니다. 
 신규 AWS 고객이 클라우드 사용을 시작하는 데 도움이 될 수 있도록 AWS에서 프리 티어를 제공하고 있습니다. 
 신규 AWS 고객은 프리 티어를 사용하여 Amazon EC2 마이크로 인스턴스를 1년 동안 무료로 실행할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 Amazon S3, Amazon Elastic Block Store(Amazon EBS), Elastic Load Balancing(ELB), AWS 데이터 전송 및 기타 AWS 서비스에서 프리 티어를 활용할 수 있습니다. 
AWS에서는 추가 비용 없이 다양한 서비스를 제공합니다. 
· Amazon VPC: Amazon Virtual Private Cloud는 고객이 정의하는 가상 네트워크에서 AWS 리소스를 시작할 수 있도록 AWS 클라우드에서 로컬로 격리된 공간을 프로비저닝합니다. 
· AWS Elastic Beanstalk는 AWS 클라우드에서 애플리케이션을 간편하고 신속하게 배포하고 관리할 수 있는 방법입니다. 
· AWS CloudFormation은 개발자 및 시스템 관리자가 관련 AWS 리소스 모음을 쉽게 생성하고 순서에 따라 예측 가능한 방식으로 프로비저닝하도록 지원합니다. 
· AWS Identity and Access Management(IAM)는 AWS 서비스와 리소스에 대한 사용자 액세스를 제어합니다. 
· Auto Scaling은 정의한 조건에 따라 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud(Amazon EC2) 인스턴스를 자동으로 추가하거나 제거합니다. 
 Auto Scaling을 사용하면 요청이 급증하는 동안에는 매끄럽게 Amazon EC2 인스턴스의 개수가 늘어 성능을 유지하고, 요청이 감소할 때는 자동으로 인스턴스의 개수가 줄어 비용을 최소화할 수 있습니다. 
· AWS OpsWorks는 모든 형태와 규모의 애플리케이션을 간편하게 배포하고 운영할 수 있도록 해 주는 애플리케이션 관리 서비스입니다. 
또한 통합 결제를 사용하여 모든 계정을 통합하고 계층화 이점을 얻을 수 있습니다. 
AWS가 제공하는 서비스의 수와 유형은 크게 증가했지만 요금에 대한 철학은 변하지 않았습니다. 
 매월 말에, 사용한 만큼만 비용을 지불하고 언제든지 제품 사용을 시작하거나 중단할 수 있습니다. 
 장기 계약은 필요 없습니다. 
 AWS 웹 사이트에 각 서비스에 대한 요금 정보가 제공됩니다(<http://aws.amazon.com/pricing/>). 
 각 서비스별로 독립적인 AWS의 요금 전략은 각 프로젝트에 필요한 서비스를 선택하고 사용한 만큼만 비용을 지불할 수 있는 엄청난 유연성을 제공합니다. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services(AWS) 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria였습니다.
 
 - 요금내역
 안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria입니다. 
 오늘은 AWS 요금의 세부 정보에 대해 알아보겠습니다. 
 AWS 사용 시 지불해야 하는 세 가지 기본 특성은 컴퓨팅, 스토리지 및 데이터 송신입니다. 
 이러한 특성은 사용하는 AWS 제품에 따라 다릅니다. 
 하지만 기본적으로 비용에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 핵심 특성이기도 합니다. 
데이터 송신에 대해 요금이 청구되지만 인바운드 데이터 전송 또는 동일 리전 내에서 서비스 간의 데이터 전송에 대해서는 청구되지 않습니다. 
 아웃바운드 데이터 전송은 Amazon EC2, Amazon S3, Amazon RDS, Amazon SimpleDB, Amazon SQS, Amazon SNS 및 Amazon VPC 전체에서 집계된 후 아웃바운드 데이터 전송 요금으로 청구됩니다. 
 이 요금은 월별 명세서에 AWS 데이터 송신으로 표시됩니다. 
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud(Amazon EC2), Amazon Simple Storage Service(Amazon S3), Amazon Elastic Block Store(Amazon EBS), Amazon Relational Database Service(Amazon RDS) 및 Amazon CloudFront 같은 일반적으로 사용되는 AWS 제품의 요금 특징에 대해 자세히 살펴보겠습니다. 
Amazon EC2는 클라우드에서 크기 조정이 가능한 컴퓨팅 파워를 제공하는 웹 서비스입니다. 
 Amazon EC2의 간단한 웹 서비스 인터페이스를 통해 간편하게 필요한 컴퓨팅 파워를 확보하고 구성할 수 있습니다. 
 Amazon의 입증된 컴퓨팅 환경에서 컴퓨팅 리소스에 대한 완전한 제어를 제공합니다. 
 Amazon EC2는 실제 사용한 용량에 대해서만 고객에게 요금을 부과하므로 컴퓨팅 비용이 절약됩니다. 
 Amazon EC2 비용을 추정할 때는 다음을 고려해야 합니다. 
· 시계로 표시되는 서버 시간. 
 리소스는 실행 중일 때 요금이 부과됩니다. 
 예를 들어, Amazon EC2 인스턴스가 시작되는 시간부터 인스턴스가 종료될 때까지 또는 탄력적 IP가 할당된 시간부터 해제될 때까지 시간입니다. 
· 머신 구성. 
 선택하는 Amazon EC2 인스턴스의 물리적 용량을 고려합니다. 
 인스턴스 요금은 AWS 리전, OS, 코어 수 및 메모리에 따라 달라집니다. 
· 머신 구입 유형. 
 온디맨드 인스턴스를 사용하면 필수적인 최소 약정 없이 시간 단위로 컴퓨팅 파워를 구입할 수 있습니다. 
 예약 인스턴스는 예약하고자 하는 모든 인스턴스에 대해 일시불로 결제하거나 선결제 금액이 없는 옵션을 제공하므로 해당 인스턴스의 시간별 사용 요금이 상당히 할인되는 효과를 얻을 수 있습니다. 
 스팟 인스턴스의 경우 미사용 Amazon EC2 용량에 대해 입찰할 수 있습니다. 
 · 인스턴스 수. 
 피크 로드를 처리하기 위해 Amazon EC2 및 Amazon EBS 리소스의 여러 인스턴스를 프로비저닝할 수 있습니다. 
· 로드 밸런싱. 
 탄력적 로드 밸런서는 Amazon EC2 인스턴스 간에 트래픽을 분산할 때 사용할 수 있습니다. 
 탄력적 로드 밸런서가 실행되는 시간과 처리하는 데이터의 양은 월별 비용에 영향을 미칩니다. 
· 세부 모니터링. 
 Amazon CloudWatch를 사용하여 Amazon EC2를 모니터링할 수 있습니다. 
 기본적으로, 기본 모니터링은 추가 비용 없이 활성화되어 있으며, 사용 가능합니다. 
 하지만 고정 월별 요금의 경우 1분에 1회 기록되는 사전 선택된 지표 7개를 포함하는 세부 모니터링을 선택할 수 있습니다. 
 한 달을 채우지 못한 경우 인스턴스당 시간별 요금을 비율로 해서 청구합니다. 
· Auto Scaling. 
 Auto Scaling은 사용자가 정의한 조건에 따라 배포에서 Amazon EC2 인스턴스 수를 자동으로 조정합니다. 
 이 서비스는 Amazon CloudWatch 요금 외의 추가 비용 없이 사용 가능합니다. 
· 탄력적 IP 주소. 
 실행 중인 인스턴스에 연결된 탄력적 IP 주소 한 개는 무료로 사용할 수 있습니다. 
· 운영 체제 및 소프트웨어 패키지. 
 운영 체제 요금은 인스턴스 요금에 포함됩니다. 
 AWS를 사용하면 Microsoft, IBM 및 기타 여러 공급업체와 파트너 관계를 맺고 Amazon EC2 인스턴스에서 실행되는 특정 상용 소프트웨어 패키지(예: Windows의 Microsoft SQL Server)를 쉽게 실행할 수 있습니다. 
 비표준 운영 체제, Oracle 애플리케이션, Microsoft SharePoint 및 Microsoft Exchange와 같은 Windows Server 애플리케이션 등 AWS에서 제공하지 않는 상용 소프트웨어 패키지의 경우 공급업체로부터 라이선스를 획득해야 합니다. 
 또한 Microsoft License Mobility through Software Assurance Program과 같은 특정 공급업체 프로그램을 통해 기존 라이선스를 클라우드로 가져올 수도 있습니다. 
Amazon S3는 인터넷용 스토리지입니다. 
 언제든지 웹상 어디서나 용량과 관계없이 데이터를 저장하고 검색하는 데 사용할 수 있는 단순한 웹 서비스 인터페이스를 제공합니다. 
 Amazon S3 비용을 추정할 때는 다음을 고려해야 합니다. 
· 스토리지 클래스. 
 표준 스토리지는 99.999999999%의 내구성과 99.99%의 가용성을 제공하도록 설계되었습니다. 
 Standard - Infrequent Access(SIA)는 액세스 빈도가 낮은 데이터를 Amazon S3 표준 스토리지보다 약간 낮은 수준의 중복성으로 저장함으로써 비용을 절감할 수 있는 Amazon S3의 스토리지 옵션입니다. 
 Standard - Infrequent Access는 지정된 한 해 동안 Amazon S3와 동일한 99.999999999%의 내구성과 99.99%의 가용성을 제공하도록 설계되었습니다. 
 각 클래스마다 비율이 다르다는 점에 유의해야 합니다. 
· 스토리지. 
 Amazon S3 버킷에 저장되는 객체의 수와 크기 및 스토리지 유형입니다. 
· 요청. 
 요청의 수 및 유형입니다. 
 GET 요청은 PUT 및 COPY 요청과 같은 다른 요청과 다른 비율로 요금이 발생합니다. 
· 데이터 전송. 
 Amazon S3 리전에서 송신된 데이터의 양입니다. 
Amazon EBS는 Amazon EC2 인스턴스에 사용할 수 있는 블록 수준의 스토리지 볼륨을 제공합니다. 
 Amazon EBS 볼륨은 인스턴스 수명과 관계없는 지속되는 오프 인스턴스 스토리지입니다. 
 클라우드의 가상 디스크와 유사합니다. 
 Amazon EBS는 범용(SSD), 프로비저닝된 IOPS(SSD), 마그네틱이라는 세 가지 볼륨 유형을 제공합니다. 
 세 개의 볼륨 유형은 성능 특성과 비용이 각각 다르므로 애플리케이션 요구 사항에 맞는 올바른 스토리지 성능과 요금을 선택할 수 있습니다. 
 Amazon EBS 비용을 추정할 때는 다음을 고려해야 합니다. 
· 볼륨. 
  모든 Amazon EBS 볼륨의 볼륨 스토리지에 대해서는 스토리지 해제 시점까지 매월 프로비저닝하는 용량(GB)을 기준으로 요금이 청구됩니다. 
 · 초당 입출력 작업(IOPS). 
 I/O는 범용 볼륨의 요금에 포함되는 한편 EBS 마그네틱 볼륨의 경우 I/O는 볼륨에 대해 요청을 수행한 수에 따라 청구됩니다. 
 프로비저닝된 IOPS 볼륨의 경우, IOPS에서 프로비저닝한 양에 해당 달에 프로비저닝한 날의 비율을 곱한 만큼의 요금도 청구됩니다. 
 · 스냅샷. 
 Amazon EBS를 통해 데이터의 스냅샷을 Amazon S3로 백업하여 데이터를 안정적으로 복구할 수 있습니다. 
 EBS 스냅샷을 선택하는 경우 추가 비용은 저장된 데이터의 월별 기가바이트당 비용입니다. 
 · 데이터 전송. 
 애플리케이션의 송신된 데이터의 양을 고려합니다. 
 인바운드 데이터 전송은 무료이며 아웃바운드 데이터 전송은 계층화됩니다. 
 Amazon RDS는 클라우드에서 관계형 데이터베이스를 손쉽게 설치, 운영 및 확장할 수 있게 해 주는 웹 서비스입니다. 
 시간 소모적인 데이터베이스 관리 작업을 관리하는 한편, 효율적인 비용으로 크기 조정이 가능한 용량을 제공하므로 애플리케이션과 비즈니스에 좀 더 집중할 수 있습니다. 
 Amazon RDS 비용을 추정할 때는 다음을 고려해야 합니다. 
 · 시계로 표시되는 서버 시간. 
 리소스는 실행 중일 때 요금이 부과됩니다. 
 예를 들어, DB 인스턴스가 시작되는 시간부터 DB 인스턴스가 종료될 때까지 시간입니다. 
 · 데이터베이스 특성. 
 선택한 데이터베이스의 실제 용량은 청구되는 비용에 영향을 줍니다. 
 데이터베이스 특성은 데이터베이스 엔진, 크기 및 메모리 클래스에 따라 달라집니다. 
 · 데이터베이스 구입 유형. 
 온디맨드 DB 인스턴스를 구입할 때 필수적인 최소 약정 없이 데이터베이스 인스턴스에서 실행되는 각 시간당 컴퓨팅 파워에 대해서만 요금을 지불합니다. 
 예약 DB 인스턴스는 1년 또는 3년 약정으로 예약하려는 각 DB 인스턴스에 대해 저렴한 사전 확약금을 일시불로 결제할 수 있습니다. 
 · 데이터베이스 인스턴스 수. 
 Amazon RDS를 사용하면 피크 로드를 처리하기 위해 여러 데이터베이스 인스턴스를 프로비저닝할 수 있습니다. 
 · 프로비저닝된 스토리지. 
 활성 DB 인스턴스에 대해 프로비저닝된 데이터베이스 스토리지의 최대 100%까지는 백업 스토리지에 대한 추가 비용이 없습니다. 
 DB 인스턴스가 종료된 후 백업 스토리지에는 월별 기가바이트당 요금이 청구됩니다. 
 · 추가 스토리지. 
 프로비저닝된 스토리지 용량 외에 백업 스토리지의 양은 월별로 기가바이트당 청구됩니다. 
 · 요청. 
 데이터베이스에 대한 입력 및 출력의 요청 수입니다. 
 · 배포 유형. 
 데이터베이스 인스턴스를 단일 가용 영역(독립 실행형 데이터 센터와 유사) 또는 다중 가용 영역(향상된 데이터 내구성 및 가용성에 대해 보조 데이터 센터와 유사)에 배포할 수 있습니다. 
 스토리지 및 I/O 요금은 배포 대상인 가용 영역 수에 따라 달라집니다. 
 · 데이터 전송. 
 인바운드 데이터 전송은 무료이며 아웃바운드 데이터 전송 비용은 계층화됩니다. 
 애플리케이션의 요구 사항에 따라 예약 Amazon RDS 데이터베이스 인스턴스를 구입하여 Amazon RDS 데이터베이스 인스턴스 비용을 최적화할 수 있습니다. 
 예약 인스턴스를 구입하기 위해 예약하려는 각 인스턴스에 대해 저렴한 금액을 일시불로 결제하여, 해당 인스턴스의 시간당 사용 요금이 상당히 할인되는 효과를 얻을 수 있습니다. 
Amazon CloudFront는 콘텐츠 전송을 위한 웹 서비스입니다. 
 다른 Amazon Web Services와 통합되므로, 낮은 지연 시간과 빠른 데이터 전송 속도로 최종 사용자에게 콘텐츠를 편리하게 배포할 수 있으며, 최소 약정이 필요 없습니다. 
 Amazon CloudFront 비용을 추정할 때는 다음을 고려해야 합니다. 
 · 트래픽 배포. 
 데이터 전송 및 요청 요금은 지리적 리전에 따라 다르며, 요금은 콘텐츠가 제공되는 엣지 로케이션을 기반으로 합니다. 
 · 요청. 
 요청한 수 및 유형과 요청이 발생한 지리적 리전입니다. 
 · 데이터 송신. 
 Amazon CloudFront 엣지 로케이션에서 송신된 데이터의 양입니다. 
 비용을 추정하는 가장 좋은 방법은 각 AWS 서비스의 기본 특성을 살펴보고, 각 특성에 대한 사용량을 추정한 다음, 해당 사용량을 웹 사이트에 게시된 요금에 매핑하는 것입니다. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services(AWS) 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Jody Soeiro de Faria였습니다.
 
 - TCO 계산기
 안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Anna Fox입니다. 
 이 동영상에서는 AWS 총 소유 비용(TCO) 계산기에 대해 알아보겠습니다. 
 TCO 계산기는 다음과 같은 작업에 도움이 되는 도구입니다. 
· AWS를 사용할 때의 비용 절감을 추정
· 임원 프레젠테이션에 사용할 수 있는 상세 보고서 세트를 제공
· 요구 사항에 가장 잘 맞게 가정 수정
더 자세히 알아보겠습니다. 
 TCO 계산기는 <https://awstcocalculator.com>에 방문해서 시작할 수 있습니다. 
 TCO 계산기에서 사용할 수 있는 옵션을 간단히 살펴보겠습니다. 
 이 탭을 클릭하고 Basic과 Advanced 사이에 전환하면 아래에 VM Usage, Optimize By 및 Host와 관련된 Advanced의 추가 옵션이 표시됩니다. 
 그럼 Basic부터 시작해 보겠습니다. 
 여기서 Currency를 선택한 다음 비교하려는 환경 유형을  On-Premises 또는 Colocation 중에서 선택합니다. 
 그런 다음 비즈니스 요구 사항에 가장 적합한 Region을 선택합니다. 
 Workload Type: General 또는 SharePoint Site를 선택할 수 있습니다. 
 그 다음, 물리적 서버 또는 가상 머신의 비교 중에서 선택합니다. 
 Virtual Machines를 선택해 보겠습니다. 
 이제 Servers 필드로 이동하고 몇 가지 값을 입력해 봅니다. 
 Server Type은 Non DB로 둡니다. 
 그런 다음 Application Name에 입력합니다. 
 이것은 선택 사항이지만 나중에 보고서 사용을 분명하게 하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 
 이제 VMs가 있습니다. 
 100개가 있고, CPU 코어 2개와 8GB RAM을 갖추고 있다고 가정합니다. 
 그러면 하이퍼바이저 중에 선택하는 옵션이 있지만 Xen을 사용할 것입니다. 
 그리고 Caluclate TCO를 클릭합니다. 
 그러면 계산기는 3년의 시간 프레임에 대해 입력한 값을 볼 때, AWS로 이동하면 42%를 절감할 수 있다고 알려 줍니다. 
 또한 달러 금액의 절감 효과도 제공합니다. 
 아래로 스크롤하면 환경 세부 정보가 표시됩니다. 
 계산기가 입력한 값에 따라 인스턴스 유형을 선택하는 것에 주목합니다. 
 필요한 인스턴스 유형을 파악하는 것은 어려운 작업일 수 있지만, TCO 계산기를 사용하면 입력한 값과 설정을 기반으로 제안을 해 줍니다. 
 이제 상단으로 돌아가서 Change Input을 선택하면 초기 페이지로 이동합니다. 
 Advanced로 변경하여 어떤 옵션이 있는지 살펴보겠습니다. 
 이제 VM 사용과 최적화 방법을 추가하고 마지막으로 호스트를 추가할 수 있습니다. 
 최적화 방법에 대한 명확한 정보가 필요한 경우 매핑 기준을 설명하는 차트가 표시됩니다. 
 여기에는 해당 옵션이 일치하는 방식에 대한 설명이 나와 있습니다. 
 아래로 스크롤합니다. 
 계산기가 비용을 구분하는 차트를 생성한 것을 확인할 수 있습니다. 
 이는 비용 구분 내역을 그래픽으로 표시하는 데 유용한 도구가 될 수 있습니다. 
 마지막으로, 비용 구분 내역, 방법론, 가정 및 FAQ를 포함하는 전체 보고서를 다운로드할 수 있습니다. 
 또 다른 장점은 보고서를 Amazon S3에 저장하고 원하는 경우 다른 사람들과 공유할 수 있다는 것입니다. 
 TCO 계산기는 AWS 클라우드에 애플리케이션을 배포함으로써 실현할 수 있는 잠재적 절감 효과에 대한 지침을 제공하는 도구입니다. 
 이 도구는 대략적인 용도로만 사용되지만 실제로 달성할 수 있는 가치에 대해 공정한 평가를 제공할 수 있다는 점을 기억하세요. 
 좋습니다. 
 오늘 AWS 총 소유 비용(TCO) 계산기에 대해 간단하게 알아보았습니다. 
 앞서 언급했듯이, TCO 계산기는 다음과 같은 작업에 도움이 되는 도구입니다. 
· AWS를 사용할 때의 비용 절감을 추정
· 상세 보고서 세트를 제공 
 · 비즈니스 요구 사항에 가장 잘 맞게 가정 수정
 
 TCO 계산기에 대한 세부 정보 및 추가 리소스를 확인하려면 <http://aws.amazon.com/ko>에 방문하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Anna Fox였습니다. 
 
 
 - AWS Support Plan 
 안녕하세요. 
 저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Anna Fox입니다. 
 오늘은 AWS Support와 사용 가능한 Support 플랜에 대해 알아보겠습니다. 
 AWS는 고객의 성공을 지원하는 데 필요한 리소스를 제공하고자 합니다. 
 따라서 새로운 고객이든, 비즈니스 솔루션으로 AWS 서비스와 애플리케이션을 계속 채택하는 고객이든 상관없이 AWS를 통해 놀라운 작업을 수행할 수 있도록 돕고자 합니다. 
 AWS Support는 현재 또는 미래의 계획된 사례를 기반으로 도구 및 전문 지식의 고유한 조합을 제공합니다. 
 이 동영상에서는 AWS Support 및 AWS Support 플랜을 살펴봅니다. 
AWS Support는 고객의 성공을 돕기 위한 완전한 지원과 올바른 리소스를 제공하기 위해 개발되었습니다. 
 AWS를 실험하고 있는 사람들, 프로덕션에서 AWS를 사용하려는 사람들, 그리고 AWS를 비즈니스 크리티컬 리소스로 사용하는 고객을 포함하는 모든 고객을 지원하고자 합니다. 
 AWS Support는 고객의 요구 사항과 목표에 따라 제공되는 지원 유형을 변경할 수 있습니다. 
 고객은 AWS를 통해 확신을 가지고 계획, 배포 및 최적화할 수 있습니다. 
 AWS는 고객에게 지원이 필요한 경우 안내할 수 있는 도구와 리소스를 갖추고 있습니다. 
 사전 지침을 원하는 사용자가 있는 경우 해당 사용자의 1차 연락 담당자로 지정된 기술 계정 관리자가 있습니다. 
 기술 계정 지원 담당자(TAM)는 사용자가 솔루션을 계획, 배포 및 최적화할 때 계속 정보를 얻고 대비할 수 있도록 지침, 아키텍처 검토 및 지속적인 커뮤니케이션을 제공할 수 있습니다. 
 TAM은 고객의 대변자이자 AWS 내 전담 지원 창구입니다. 
 AWS 환경에서 성능과 내결함성을 개선하는 모범 사례를 따르고자 하는 사용자에게는 AWS Trusted Advisor가 있습니다. 
 AWS Trusted Advisor는 사용자 지정 클라우드 전문가와 비슷하지만, 실제로는 월별 지출을 줄이고 생산성을 개선할 수 있는 기회를 확인하는 온라인 리소스입니다. 
 다음으로 계정 지원이 필요한 경우, Support 컨시어지는 결제 및 계정 전문가로서 문제에 대한 빠르고 효율적인 분석과 지원을 제공하여 사용자가 비즈니스에 더 많은 시간을 쏟을 수 있도록 지원합니다. 
 컨시어지는 기술적이지 않은 결제 및 계정 수준의 모든 문의를 처리합니다. 
 이제 Support 플랜 옵션을 알아보겠습니다. 
 AWS는 고객이 확신을 가지고 계획, 배포 및 최적화할 수 있기를 바랍니다. 
 이에 따라 고객을 지원하기 위해 AWS는 도움을 줄 특정 플랜을 개발했습니다. 
 Basic Support 플랜, Developer Support 플랜, Business Support 플랜 및 Enterprise Support 플랜이 있습니다. 
 AWS 홈페이지로 이동하면 Support를 클릭해 봅니다. 
 그러면 AWS Support 페이지로 이동하게 됩니다. 
 여기서 각 플랜을 살펴보고 비교할 수 있습니다. 
 각 플랜을 더 자세히 보고 싶으면 탐색 창에서 해당 플랜을 클릭합니다. 
 그러면 Developer Support 플랜을 살펴보겠습니다. 
 여기에서는 이 플랜이 제공해야 할 사항과 추가 세부 정보 및 리소스에 대한 간략한 소개를 제공합니다. 
 각 플랜에 대해 이러한 모든 정보를 볼 수 있습니다. 
 플랜을 비교하려면 AWS Support 플랜 비교를 클릭합니다. 
 이는 플랜 간의 차이점을 평가하고 고유한 요구 사항에 가장 적합한 리소스를 확인하는 데 유용한 차트입니다. 
 여기에서 확인할 수 있듯이 플랜의 지원 항목과 추가 리소스가 달라집니다. 
 이 차트는 고객이 요구 사항에 가장 적합한 플랜과 필요한 리소스 수준을 결정하고 이해하는 것을 돕기 위해 마련되었습니다. 
좋습니다. 
 이제 마무리 단계에 접어들었습니다. 
 이 동영상에서는 AWS Support 및 고객의 요구 사항에 적합하도록 마련된 다양한 플랜 옵션에 대해 살펴보았습니다. 
 오늘 알아본 플랜은 다음과 같습니다. 
· Basic Support 플랜
· Developer Support 플랜
· Business Support 플랜
· Enterprise Support 플랜  

AWS Support 및 AWS Support 플랜에 대한 세부 정보 및 추가 리소스를 확인하려면 <http://aws.amazon.com/ko>에 방문하세요. 
  저는 Amazon Web Services 교육 및 자격증 팀의 Anna Fox였습니다. 
  

  - 보안그룹 및 NACL
  이제 AWS에서 애플리케이션을 위한 네트워킹을 보호하는 방법에 대해 설명해 보겠습니다. 
 이 경우에는 3티어 애플리케이션으로 단순화합니다. 
 이미 주요 네트워킹 요소들을 모두 추가했습니다. 
 그리고 인터넷 게이트웨이, 가상 프라이빗 게이트웨이 등의 게이트웨이도 갖추었습니다. 
 여러 가용 영역(AZ)에 걸쳐 분산된 서브넷(퍼블릭 및 프라이빗)도 갖추었습니다. 
 올바른 자산에 대해 올바른 서브넷 액세스 권한을 부여하도록 라우팅 테이블을 추가했습니다. 
 또한 보안 그룹에 대해 살펴보았으며 포트, 프로토콜 및 IP 범위에 따라 수신 트래픽을 정의하는 보안 그룹이 모든 인스턴스에 있다는 사실도 알아보았습니다. 
 보안 그룹의 기본 동작은 모든 인바운드 트래픽을 거부하는 것이므로 보안 그룹 간에 수신되는 모든 트래픽을 허용하도록 명시적 규칙을 추가해야 합니다. 
이것이 VPC 내부의 유일한 트래픽 조절 장치는 아닙니다. 
 서브넷은 IP 범위, 포트 및 프로토콜을 기반으로 필터링할 수도 있는 개별 서브넷에 적용되는 선택적 네트워크 액세스 통제 목록(NACL)을 가질 수 있습니다. 
 이 목록(NACL)은 불필요한 것으로 느껴지며 실제로도 네트워킹 요구가 많기 때문에 불필요합니다. 
 다만 NACL의 운영 방식은 보안 그룹의 운영 방식과는 다릅니다. 
 NACL은 상태비저장(stateless) 방식으로 운영되는 반면, 보안 그룹은 상태저장(stateful)방식으로 운영됩니다. 
다시 말해, 하나의 인스턴스에서 수신되며 보안 그룹 밖에서 허용되는 모든 패킷은 항상 반송 트래픽이 허용되며 심지어는 반송된 소스 인스턴스에서 통신을 허용하는 인바운드 트래픽에 대한 규칙이 없더라도 그러합니다. 
 반송 트래픽을 기억할 수 있다는 이러한 개념은 NACL에서 트래픽을 분리하는 것이 무엇인지를 나타내는 반면, NACL은 인바운드 역할 집합과 아웃바운드 역할 집합을 하나씩 갖습니다. 
 그리고 각 역할 집합은 왕복 프로세스의 일환으로 평가해야 합니다. 
 이제 한 가지 예를 들어 이것(NACL)이 어떤 방식으로 운영되는지 알아 보겠습니다. 
 이 특정 인스턴스에서 시작하는 하나의 패킷을 갖고 있으며 해당 패킷은 이 특정 인스턴스와 통신하려는 상황을 가정해 봅시다. 
 그렇다면 이 패킷은 인스턴스 1의 보안 그룹, 퍼블릭 서브넷 1의 NACL, 프라이빗 서브넷 1의 NACL 및 인스턴스 2 주변의 보안 그룹을 각각 통과하게 됩니다. 
 평가 규칙은 다음과 같습니다. 
 먼저 첫 번째 인스턴스 주변의 해당 보안 그룹을 종료하려는 패킷으로 시작합니다. 
 기본 규칙 집합은 모든 종료 트래픽을 허용하는 것입니다. 
 다만 이 규칙 집합은 변경되었을 수도 있기 때문에 해당 패킷이 올바르게 승인된 포트 프로토콜과 IP 범위를 표적으로 하는지 확인할 목적으로 패킷 검사가 실시됩니다. 
 본 시나리오에서는 패킷이 허용되기 때문에 해당 패킷은 홈 인스턴스를 종료할 수 있으며, 이 지점에서 퍼블릭 서브넷 1에 대한 서브넷 경계에 도달합니다. 
 여기는 여권 검사대(passport control)입니다. 
 패킷이 이 인스턴스를 종료할 수 있도록 허용됩니까? 지금 안전한 위치로 이동 중인가요? 그 표적을 검사합니다. 
 이것이 승인, 포트, 프로토콜, IP인지 확인합니다. 
 그렇습니다. 
 승인된 것입니다. 
 출국 수속 절차를 모두 통과하면 출국하여 서브넷을 떠날 수 있으며 다음 지역을 여행할 수 있게 되는데 여기서도 여권 검사대를 통과하게 됩니다. 
 이제 프라이빗 서브넷 1로 들어가는 중입니다. 
 명시적으로는 포트, 프로토콜, IP 주소를 나타내는 라인이 있어야 하는데 이것은 승인된 것인가요? 기본 동작들은 모두 허용하지만 또 다시 블록이 존재할 수 있습니다. 
 이 시나리오에서는 블록이 없고 패킷은 여권 검사대를 통과하여 해당 인스턴스에 도달합니다. 
 한 번 더 포트, 프로토콜 및 IP 주소가 필요합니다. 
 이는 상태 저장 검사에 속합니다. 
 다만 이 패킷이 실제로 요청을 받은 것인지 한 번 알아보겠습니다. 
 입장이 허용되었습니까? 명시적 규칙은 ‘모든 트래픽을 거부’하는 것입니다. 
 이것은 패킷이 수신되지 않을 경우, 사용자가 차단되는 여러 원인들 중 가장 가능성이 큰 원인에 해당됩니다. 
 이 규칙은 화이트리스트에 추가해야 합니다. 
 이 시나리오에서 해당 규칙은 화이트리스트에 추가되었습니다. 
 패킷은 인스턴스로 들어가 인스턴스 내에서 필요한 모든 작업을 수행합니다. 
 작업은 완료되고 파티는 끝나며 이제 복귀할 시간입니다. 
 응답 트래픽을 발신할 시간입니다. 
 이 경우, 파티를 떠나고 집 밖으로 나가면 도어맨이 나를 인지합니다. 
 상태 저장 방화벽이군요. 
 이 방화벽은 내가 홈(home)으로 복귀해도 되는지 여부를 확인하는 검사를 수행하지 않습니다. 
 다만 방화벽은 나를 건물 밖으로 내보내면서 “즐거운 하루 보내세요”라고 작별 인사를 건넵니다. 
 건물을 벗어나 서브넷 경계에 도착하면 여권 검사대가 나타납니다. 
 서브넷 경계에서는 사용자가 들어가도 되는지 여부를 신경 쓰지 않으며 반송 트래픽이 허용되는지 여부를 다시 확인하게 됩니다. 
 서브넷 경계는 반송 트래픽이 무엇인지를 인지하지 못합니다. 
 다만 포트, 프로토콜 및 IP만 인지할 뿐입니다. 
 이 경우에는 블록이 없습니다. 
 기본 동작들은 모두 허용합니다. 
 트래픽은 홈 서브넷의 여권 검사대를 떠납니다. 
 다시 한 번 포트, 프로토콜 및 IP 주소가 필요합니다. 
 허용됩니까? 예, 허용됩니다. 
 이것은 상태 비저장에 해당됩니다. 
 메모리는 없습니다. 
 그런 다음, 발신 인스턴스의 보안 그룹에 도착하며 내 홈 도어맨은 내가 맨 처음 문 밖으로 나갈 수 있도록 허용된 사실을 인식했습니다. 
 도어맨은 홈으로 들어오면서 변경된 부분은 없는지 확인하는 검사를 수행하지 않습니다. 
 홈 복귀가 허용되며 해당 패킷은 프로세스를 완료합니다. 
 이 지점에서 그러한 차이들을 관리했습니다. 
 이 때쯤 되면 본 동영상을 시청 중인 수강생들 중 상당수는 이렇게 말할 것 같습니다. 
 “오 이런. . . 
 여권 검사대에서 나의 출입 및 출국 수속 검사가 완료되었기 때문에 내 서브넷 네트워크 액세스 통제 목록(NACL)의 보안 기능들은 더 강력한 기능인 것 같습니다. 
 그러한 보안 기능들만 사용해야겠네요. 
” 이를 머리로 이해하기에 앞서 인스턴스 1에서 인스턴스 3까지 상호 통신이 이루어질 때 이에 포함되는 서브넷 경계는 몇 개인지를 질문해볼 필요가 있습니다. 
 답은 0입니다. 
 동일한 서브넷에 있다면 처리된 NACL은 없는 것입니다. 
 NACL은 오로지 서브넷 경계를 통과하는 중 처리되며 그것(NACL)이 가용 영역(AZ)에 걸쳐 존재하는지 여부는 문제가 되지 않습니다. 
 나는 서브넷 내에 있을 때에는 NACL을 처리하지 않습니다. 
 다만 나는 보안 그룹들을 항상 처리하며 모든 인스턴스는 보안 그룹들을 갖습니다. 
 그래서 규칙 작성 시 기본 동작은 모든 규칙들을 하나의 보안 그룹에 입력하고 NACL을 사용해 지원을 2배로 늘리거나 해당 보안 그룹 수준에서 선언된 동작을 무시하도록 설정해야 합니다. 
 이렇게 하면 Amazon VPC 내부의 자산을 보호하는 데 필요한 여러 가지 컨트롤 중 한 가지를 얻게 됩니다. 
 
 - 보안 그룹
 AWS 내에서 애플리케이션을 보호하는 방법에 대해 계속 설명해 보겠습니다. 
 앞서 우리는 퍼블릭 서브넷과 프라이빗 서브넷을 이용해 VPC를 설정하는 방법을 살펴보았으며, 라우팅 테이블을 사용해 게이트웨이에 대한 액세스를 제어하는 작업에 대해서도 알아보았습니다. 
 이제는 애플리케이션 내에서 개별 인스턴스에 대한 액세스로 이동해보려고 합니다. 
 애플리케이션 인스턴스에 대해서만 통화하고 해당 애플리케이션은 데이터베이스에 대해 통화할 수 있도록 전면 웹 애플리케이션을 포함한 권한을 제어할 방법은 무엇입니까? 이러한 제어는 보안 그룹(security groups)이라 불리는 AWS 엔진을 통해 이루어집니다. 
 VPC 내부의 모든 인스턴스는 이미 그 주위에 보안 그룹을 하나씩 갖고 있습니다. 
 이것은 Amazon EC2 기술의 핵심에 속합니다. 
 보안 그룹은 기본적으로 모든 수신 트래픽을 차단하는 개별 인스턴스 주변의 방화벽으로 간주할 수 있습니다. 
 이는 매우 지루한 인스턴스를 야기합니다. 
 개발자들은 방화벽을 사용하고 트래픽의 특정 소스를 승인하는 명시적 규칙들을 방화벽과 보안 그룹 내부에 작성합니다. 
 소스는 IP 주소, 프로토콜 및 포트로 정의됩니다(IP 범위는 실제로 의미하는 대상에 해당됩니다). 
 내 애플리케이션 서버가 프런트엔드 웹 서버의 트래픽만 허용하고 싶다면 해당 범위, 포트 및 웹 서버 자체의 프로토콜에서 발신되는 트래픽을 허용할 보안 그룹의 구멍을 열기만 하면 됩니다. 
 데이터베이스는 그 주위에 자체 보안 그룹을 갖게 되며 애플리케이션 서버에서 발신된 트래픽만 허용합니다. 
 사용자의 프런트엔드 웹 서버도 하나의 보안 그룹을 가지며, 웹 서버와 통신하기 위해 외부 웹 랜드에서 수신되는 000의 트래픽을 승인할 유일한 서버에 해당됩니다. 
 이를 일컬어 스택 보안 그룹(stacked security groups)이라 합니다. 
 외부에서 발신되는 모든 트래픽은 라우팅 테이블로 인해 그리고 보안 그룹들이 000의 트래픽을 허용하지 않는 이유로 애플리케이션 서버 또는 데이터베이스와 통신할 수 없습니다. 
 이 보안 그룹은 웹 서버의 트래픽 정보만 허용합니다. 
 외부의 어떤 자가 연결할 수 있는 유일한 것은 프런트엔드 웹 서버이며 이는 보안 그룹이 허용하는 유일한 서버이기 때문에 거기서만 애플리케이션에 연결할 수 있으며 애플리케이션에서 데이터베이스로 연결할 수 있습니다. 
 이는 알 수 없는 결함이 발생할 때 하나 또는 둘 이상의 보호 계층을 형성합니다. 
 예를 들어, 어떤 이유로 인해 사용 중인 애플리케이션 개발자 중 한 명이 웹 랜드에서 상황을 지켜보고 있던 악의적 해커가 악용할 수 있는 어떤 결함 내지는 열린 요소를 방치하는 것과 같은 취약성이 프런트엔드 웹 서버에 존재한다면 무슨 일이 벌어질까요? 여기에서 보안 그룹은 포트 443 또는 포트 80을 통해서만 000에서 열리기 때문에 문제의 해커는 바로 이 인스턴스에 연결하여 가상의 결함을 악용하고 해당 인스턴스에 대한 루트 액세스 권한을 확보할 수 있었습니다. 
 실현 가능성이 희박한 이 시나리오에서 문제의 해커는 데이터베이스와 통신하여 데이터베이스에 침입하려는 시도를 하기 위한 액세스 권한을 갖고 있나요? 이 질문에 대한 답은 ‘아니요’입니다. 
 라우팅 테이블이 어떤 패킷의 경로가 존재할 수 있도록 허용하더라도 데이터베이스 주위의 해당 보안 그룹은 웹 서버에서 해당 데이터베이스와 직접 통신하려는 시도를 거부하게 됩니다. 
 이는 간단하게 허용되지는 않습니다. 
 그 대신 해커가 할 수 있는 유일한 일은 애플리케이션 포트를 통해서만 애플리케이션 서버와 통신하는 것입니다. 
 이러한 작업은 웹 애플리케이션 자체와 통신하는 것만으로 매년 완료했을 수도 있습니다. 
 한편 이 해커는 지금 웹 서버에 있기 때문에 해당 운영 체제에 존재하는 Amazon Inspector 또는 그 외 어떤 프로세스에서 누군가 루트에 있음을 인식하고 있으며 예상되는 숫자는 0이고 실제 숫자는 0보다 크며 이 지점에서 인스턴스는 위반 상태에 있음을 자체 보고하든 상관없이 일정한 수준의 작업 보호 기능을 설치했을 가능성이 매우 높습니다. 
 인스턴스는 손상됩니다. 
 인스턴스가 할 수 있는 것은 무엇입니까? 인스턴스는 Amazon S3로 로그를 덤프할 수 있으며, 시스템 관리자들에게 알림을 전송한 후 마지막으로 자체 종료됩니다. 
 인스턴스는 더 이상 존재하지 않으며 악의적 해커는 불과 수초 이내에 이러한 가상의 취약성을 역이용합니다. 
 이것이 바로 계층 내 보안입니다. 
 이러한 보안에서는 모든 개별 요소가 손상될 것을 예상하기 때문에 계층들이 겹겹이 위치하며 각 계층은 공격을 차단할 수 있습니다. 
 지금 어떤 계층을 사용하고 있습니까? 모든 계층을 사용하고 있습니다. 
 보안 그룹들은 모든 인스턴스 주위에 존재하는데 이는 개발자들이 하게 될 첫 번째 작업이 모든 포트, 모든 프로토콜 및 모든 IP 주소에 대하여 보안 그룹을 여는 것임을 의미합니다. 
 저는 이러한 작업이 이루어지는 것을 목격했습니다. 
 그것은 보안 그룹의 모든 목적을 무효화합니다. 
 이는 집 한 채를 장만하는 것과 같은 셈이 되는데, 여러분이 완료한 첫 번째 작업은 경첩에 달린 문을 뜯어낸 후 “수많은 쿠키들아! 들어와”라는 메시지가 적힌 큰 간판 1개를 부착하는 것이었습니다. 
 모든 쿠키가 해당 지점에서 도난당하는 것은 그 누구의 잘못도 아닙니다. 
 충분한 보안 점검의 일환에서 보안 관리자들은 보안 그룹을 정기적으로 검사하여 퍼블릭 인스턴스만 보안 그룹에서 000, 열린 포트를 갖고 있으며 내부 프라이빗 보안 그룹이 단지 예상되는 인스턴스로부터 트래픽을 허용하도록 적절하게 계층화되어 있는지 확인하기 위해 보안 그룹들을 수시로 점검해야 합니다. 
 보안 그룹들은 애플리케이션 내 가장 소중한 자산들을 보호하는 데 도움을 주기 위해 사용되는 또 다른 키 도구가 됩니다. 

 
 - 공동 책임 모델
 여러분이 사용하는 애플리케이션이 AWS에서 실행되고 있을 때, 어떤 지점에서 누군가는 애플리케이션을 보호할 궁극적 책임을 담당해야 합니다. 
 그 책임은 ‘A) 고객’ 여러분에게 있을까요? 아니면 ‘B) AWS’에 있을까요? 정답은 ‘C) 고객과 AWS 모두 해당’입니다. 
 고객 여러분과 AWS는 모두 전체 애플리케이션을 보호하기 위해 함께 협력해야 합니다. 
 좋은 보안 관리자라면 여러분이 동일한 개체를 보호하는 2개의 다른 업체를 보유할 수 없으며, 실제로 보안(security)을 갖추고 있지는 않고 다만 제안(suggestions)이 있다는 사실을 여러분에게 알려줄 것입니다. 
 이에 동의하면 AWS에서 우리는 공동 책임 모델(Shared Responsibility Model)이라 불리는 모델을 갖습니다. 
 우리는 애플리케이션 스택을 전체적으로 관찰하며 이를 여러 개의 부분으로 분할합니다. 
 그러한 부분들 중 일부에 대해서는 AWS가 100% 책임을 집니다. 
 나머지 부분들에 대해서는 고객 여러분이 100% 책임을 집니다. 
 그러한 분할의 위치를 파악하는 것은 고객 여러분과 AWS의 상호 작용 중 일부에 속합니다. 
 이제 스택이 어떻게 작동하는지를 단순한 관점으로 살펴보겠습니다. 
 먼저 물리적 계층에서 스택의 맨 아랫쪽부터 시작합니다. 
 이것은 철과 콘크리트입니다. 
 이것은 철조망 울타리입니다. 
 어떤 이는 주차장을 관리해야 합니다. 
 어떤 이는 물리적 디바이스를 관리해야 합니다. 
 이것이 AWS입니다. 
 저희 AWS는 데이터 센터 둘러보기를 제공하지 않습니다. 
 또한 물리적 측면을 보호하는 방법의 일환에서 어떠한 유형의 액세스 권한도 부여하지 않습니다. 
 물리적 계층의 맨 위에서 우리는 AWS 시스템의 보안을 허용하도록 설계된 독점 네트워킹 프로토콜인 AWS 네트워크를 실행하기 때문에 가상 프라이빗 클라우드(Amazon VPC) 같은 요소들은 규모와 속도에 따라 작동할 수 있으며 모든 요소들은 트래픽을 보호하도록 설계되어 있습니다. 
 AWS는 트래픽을 어떻게 보호할까요? 이것은 AWS 보안의 일부로서 알려줄 수 없습니다. 
 만약 이 점에 대해 언급한다면 많은 부분을 알려주지 않는 셈이 됩니다. 
 저는 이러한 점을 이해하고 있습니다. 
 AWS에서 하는 일을 여러분에게 정확히 알려줄 수는 없지만 감사 기관에 대해서는 이를 매우 구체적으로 설명했습니다. 
 AWS.amazon.com/compliance를 방문하면 네트워크 스택 또는 물리적 요소를 이미 검토했거나 이들을 정기적으로 검토하는 수많은 타사 감사 활동을 볼 수 있습니다. 
 이 모든 감사에서는 네트워크가 안전하다고 할 때 Amazon이 아닌 누군가 - 감사가 어떻게 완료되었는지를 설명하는 신뢰할만한 자 - 가 검토한 매우 엄밀한 정보를 제공합니다. 
 네트워크의 맨 위에는 하이퍼바이저(hypervisor)가 있습니다. 
 지금은 AWS 하이퍼바이저가 Xen 기반의 하이퍼바이저를 사용한다는 사실을 밝히고 있습니다. 
 그렇지만 보안을 구현하고 확장성을 제공하며 어떤 데이터의 유출에 대해서도 걱정하지 않고 수백만 명의 동시 고객들을 실행할 수 있도록 하이퍼바이저를 특별히 많이 변경했습니다. 
 하이퍼바이저의 맨 위에서 EC2를 실행할 경우, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud(Amazon EC2)의 하이퍼바이저로부터 게스트 운영 체제를 분리하는 마법의 구분선이 존재하며 이 경우에는 해당 운영 체제를 선택합니다. 
 사용자는 각자의 기호에 따라 Linux 또는 Windows를 선택하며 어떤 애플리케이션이 실행되는지를 선택합니다. 
 이 구분선 위에서 AWS는 0의 가시성(zero visibility)을 갖습니다. 
 운영 체제에서 어떤 일이 발생하는지를 확인하기 위해 할 수 있는 일은 없습니다. 
 AWS는 여러분이 사용하는 애플리케이션에 대해서는 아는 바가 없기 때문에 사용자 데이터에 대해서도 알지 못합니다. 
 이러한 데이터는 액세스 키 비밀 키 조합과 암호화 방법을 통해 전적으로 보호되는 콘텐츠에 해당됩니다. 
 원한다면 그 내용을 읽을 수도 없습니다. 
 사실, 클라우드에 대한 근거없는 통념 중 한 가지는 AWS가 예전에 과도한 마케팅 활동을 벌였던 수많은 이메일 서비스 업체들처럼 사용자의 정보를 물색하고 있다는 것입니다. 
 물론 Amazon.com에서는 그러한 정보를 좋아할만한 일부 마케팅 관리자가 있겠지만 그러한 정보에 접근할 권한이 있는 관리자라도 실제로는 AWS의 아키텍처 설계 방식 때문에 해당 정보에 접근할 수 없습니다. 
 해당 정보는 읽는 것 자체가 불가능합니다. 
 따라서 AWS는 구분선 아래에 있는 모든 것에 대해 100% 책임이 있으며, 구분선 위에 있는 모든 것에 대해서는 고객 여러분이 100% 책임을 지게 됩니다. 
 여러분이 각자의 역할을 담당하면 AWS는 자사의 역할을 수행합니다. 
 보안 애플리케이션 환경은 바로 이러한 과정을 통해 구현됩니다. 
 
 - IAM 사용자/그룹/역할
 AWS에서 권한이 작동하는 방식을 이해한다면 곧 IAM(Identity and Access Management)이 내부에서 어떻게 작동하는지를 이해하는 셈이 됩니다. 
 IAM에서는 영어가 문제가 됩니다. 
 명백한 것들을 의미하는 단어들이 있긴 하지만 그러한 단어들에 숨겨진 의미를 살펴보면 그러한 단어들을 사용하는 사람과 문맥에 따라 실제로는 완전히 다른 것을 의미할 수 있습니다. 
 사용자(user), 그룹(group) 및 역할(role)과 같은 단어들 즉, 매우 친숙한 느낌을 주면서 각 단어가 의미하는 것이라고 생각되는 것을 어느 정도 의미하는 단어들, 다만 IAM의 관점에서 볼 때 매우 특정한 의미를 담을 수 있는 단어들부터 차근차근 살펴보겠습니다. 
 먼저 사용자(user)의 개념부터 알아보겠습니다. 
 사용자란 무엇입니까? AWS IAM의 경우, 여기서 우리가 논하는 것(사용자)은 이름이 지정된 영구적 운영자를 가리킵니다. 
 그것은 인간일 수도 있고 기계(컴퓨터)일 수도 있습니다. 
 사용자가 무엇인지는 중요하지 않습니다. 
 사용자란 그 개념상 내 자격 증명이 영구적이며 이름과 암호, 액세스 키, 비밀 키 조합 등 무엇이든 간에 강제 순환이 있을 때까지 내 자격 증명이 이름이 지정된 사용자를 포함한 상태로 유지된다는 것을 의미합니다. 
 이것은 시스템 내에서 이름이 지정된 사용자들에 대한 내 인증 방법(authentication method)입니다. 
 그렇다면 그룹(group)이란 무엇입니까? 이 시점에서 이 그룹이란 용어는 분명한 의미를 담고 있어야 합니다. 
 그룹(group)이란 사용자의 모음을 의미합니다. 
 그룹은 Blaine을 포함한 많은 사용자들을 포함할 수 있으며 사용자들은 많은 그룹에 속할 수 있습니다. 
 이 개념이 이해하기가 어렵다고 말할 분도 계시겠군요. 
 역할(role)이란 무엇입니까? AWS IAM에서 역할은 사용자의 권한이 아니기 때문에 여기서는 (역할을) IAM으로 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 
 역할(role)이란 인증 방법을 의미합니다. 
 사용자(user)란 운영자를 의미하며 인간이거나 기계(컴퓨터)일 수 있습니다. 
 여기서 중요한 점은 이것이 자격 증명의 영구적(permanent) 집합이라는 것입니다. 
 역할(role)은 운영자를 의미합니다. 
 그것은 인간일 수도 있고 기계(컴퓨터)일 수도 있습니다. 
 여기서 중요한 점은 역할을 포함한 자격 증명이 일시적(temporary)이란 것입니다. 
 어떤 경우든 간에 여기서 우리는 사용자 및 운영자를 위한 인증 방법(authentication method)을 확인하고 있습니다. 
 AWS에서는 모든 것이 API입니다. 
 이것이 중요합니다. 
 이는 또한 API를 실행하기 위해 무엇보다도 먼저 인증(authenticate)을 한 후에 권한을 부여(authorize)해야 한다는 것을 의미합니다. 
 역할은 권한(permissions)을 의미하지 않습니다. 
 다만 이것은 인증(authentication)을 의미할 뿐입니다. 
 권한은 어떤 경우든 간에 정책 문서(policy document)로 알려진 별도의 개체에서 발생합니다. 
 정책 문서는 JSON 문서입니다. 
 이 문서는 영구적 이름이 지정된 사용자 또는 사용자 그룹과 직접 연결되며, 혹은 역할과 직접 연결할 수 있습니다. 
 정책 문서는 지금 제가 화이트리스트에 추가하고 있거나 허용하는 특정 API를 나열하거나 혹은 API들의 와일드카드 그룹을 나열하는데, 그렇다면 어떤 리소스에 대해 나열하는 것일까요? 그것(정책 문서)은 계정 내 리소스에 대한 것일까요? 아니면 특정 부분 집합에 대한 것일까요? 몇몇 조건들이 있습니까? 홈 네트워크에 있다면 개인적으로만 정책 문서를 허용할 필요가 있을까요? VPN에 전화를 건다면? 혹은 어떤 위치에서든 정책 문서를 허용할까요? 하루 중 특정 시기에(정책 문서를 허용할까요)? 어쩌면 오로지 제반 함수를 수행할 수 있는 운영자들이 있을지도 모릅니다. 
 이 모든 운영자들은 정책 문서의 일부 요소가 됩니다. 
 이제 운영자들이 연결된 상태에서 하나의 API가 어떤 프로세스를 거치는 과정을 설명해 보겠습니다. 
 예를 들면, 어떤 운영자가 S3 버킷에 하나의 개체를 입력하려는 상황을 생각해 봅시다. 
 이것은 API 호출을 의미하며, 이러한 호출을 하기 위해 운영자들은 API를 실행하고 버킷 등의 개체를 S3에 입력합니다. 
 그리고 운영자들은 콘솔에 로그인하기 위해 사용하는 액세스 키, 비밀 키 또는 사용자 이름 및 암호 등 일련의 자격 증명 집합을 제공합니다. 
 이 모든 것들은 API 실행문을 나타냅니다. 
 이 실행문은 AWS API 엔진에 전달됩니다. 
 IAM 엔진이 수행하는 첫 번째 작업은 그러한 자격 증명, 사용자 이름 및 암호, 액세스 키, 비밀 키 등을 확인하고 이들 항목이 능동적 권한 부여 자격 증명인지를 검증하며, 이것이 영구 운영자(여기서는 Blaine)인지 혹은 어쩌면 프로젝트 17의 개발자 역할에 해당되는지 아니면 전체 사용자들의 모음을 포함할 수 있는 관리자 그룹에 해당되는지를 검증하는 것입니다. 
 어떤 경우든 간에 그러한 자격 증명들은 승인되며, 우리는 사용자 본인이 스스로 주장하는 운영자에 해당된다는 사실에 동의합니다. 
 그런 다음, 해당 운영자(예: 사용자, 사용자 그룹 또는 역할)와 관련된 정책 문서를 가져와 모든 정책 문서들을 한 눈에 평가합니다. 
 이제 여러분이 수행하는 작업 - 이 경우에는 S3에 개체를 입력 - 에 대한 권한이 해당 정책 문서를 통해 부여되는지를 알아보겠습니다. 
 권한이 부여된다면 API를 실행할 수 있게 됩니다. 
 이제 정책 문서는 명시적 거부(explicit deny)를 포함할 수도 있습니다. 
 이는 허용 실행문(allows statement)을 무시합니다. 
 허용 실행문이 없다면 암묵적 거부(implicit deny)가 있는 것입니다. 
 적어도 이러한 일이 발생하려면 하나의 함수를 화이트리스트에 추가해야 합니다. 
 다만 블랙리스트나 명시적 거부가 있을 경우에는 허용 실행문이 있는지 여부가 문제가 되지 않습니다. 
 그것은 몇몇 작업들이 발생하는 것을 영구적으로 방지해야 할 경우에 사용할 수 있습니다. 
 예를 들면, 어떤 생산 환경에서 자산을 중단하거나 종료할 수 있는 누군가가 필요하지 않은 상황을 생각해볼 수 있습니다. 
 EC2 중단을 거부하는 하나의 정책 문서를 작성할 수 있으며, EC2는 리소스 생산에 대비하여 종료되며 하나의 인스턴스를 사용하지 않도록 허용된 유일한 자에 해당하는 권한이 있는 시스템 관리자를 제외하면 모든 그룹, 모든 사용자 및 모든 역할에 그것(정책 문서)을 연결합니다. 
 따라서 생산 환경에서 우연히 자신을 발견해 인스턴스를 종료하기 시작한 개발자가 있다면 거부 정책은 삭제 실행문(delete statement)을 거부하고 종료 실행문(terminate statement)의 실행을 거부할 것이기 때문에 아무 것도 종료되지 않습니다. 
 이 사람이 스스로 개발자라고 주장하는 자에 해당된다는 사실에 동의하더라도 말입니다. 
 인증, 권한 부여. 
 이것은 추가적인 문제를 해결하며 일련의 자격 증명 집합에 해당됩니다. 
 예를 들면, 저의 개인 계정에서 어떤 이유 때문에 내 암호 관리를 소홀히 했다고 가정해 봅시다. 
 어쩌면 제 아이가 내 노트북을 사용하도록 방치했는데 그 녀석이 노트북에 어떤 바이러스를 다운로드했고 누군가 키 자동 기록기(key logger)를 획득해 내 사용자 이름과 암호를 가로챌 수도 있겠죠 - 설상가상으로 저는 멀티 팩터 인증을 사용하지 않습니다. 
 (제 시스템에서는 이 2가지 경우가 발생한 적이 없지만 실제로 발생한다고 가정해 보겠습니다.) 이러한 경우, 어디선가 어떤 악의적 해커가 내 관리 사용자 이름과 암호를 가로채 영구적 사용자와 연결된 모든 정책 문서에 접근할 권한을 확보합니다. 
 왕국의 열쇠(권한을 획득하기 위해 필요한 개인 정보)를 손에 넣었다는 사실을 확인한 이 해커는 “가지고 있는 비트코인을 다 내놓는 게 신상에 좋을 걸... 
 아니면 자산을 곧 삭제해 버릴 거야”라는 악의적인 내용의 인질 협박 메시지를 회사에 전달합니다. 
 그리고 실제로 비트코인이 위치한 지점을 검증하기 위해 회사의 일부 자산을 삭제합니다. 
 이에 회사 측은 당황합니다. 
 이제 무엇을 해야 할까요? 여러분이 지금 사용자와 연결된 정책 문서를 사용 중이며 루트 수준의 자격 증명을 사용하고 있지 않다면 이 시점에서 - 어떤 계정이 손상되었는지를 알지 못하는 - 보안 관리자는 단일한 작업의 모든 사용자, 그룹 및 역할에서 모든 정책 문서를 제거하는 단일 API 실행문을 실행할 수 있습니다. 
 회사의 비트코인을 가로채지 못한 범인(해커)은 이제 비트코인이 필요한 이유로 더 많은 자산을 삭제하기 위해 비트코인이 위치한 지점을 검증하려고 합니다. 
 API 작업이 해결되는 과정은 다음과 같습니다. 
 범인은 Blaine의 자격 증명을 이용해 API를 제출하면서 S3에서 개체를 삭제한다고 말합니다. 
 해당 API는 IAM 엔진을 통해 평가됩니다. 
 IAM 엔진은 이 API가 Blaine이라는 사실에 동의합니다. 
 이것은 올바른 사용자 이름이자 암호입니다. 
 그런 다음, IAM 엔진은 해당 계정에서 삭제된 해당 정책 문서들(연결된 상태)을 검사합니다. 
 이들 문서는 Blaine에 더 이상 연결되어 있지 않은데, 이는 Blaine이 어떤 문서든 삭제할 수 없으며 그나마 애쓴 게 가상하다는 것을 의미합니다. 
 그건 그렇고 AWS CloudTrail에서는 모든 API 작업이 CloudTrail에 ‘성공(successful)’ 또는 ‘거부됨(declined)’으로 기록되기 때문에 여러분이 시도한 작업을 기록할 것입니다. 
 인증 및 권한 부여. 
 이러한 차이를 이해한다면 AWS에서 여러분의 작업에 일부 중요한 권한과 보안을 추가할 수 있습니다. 
 
 - 데이터 암호화
 암호화를 논할 경우, 암호화와 AWS에 관해 알아야 할 사항들이 많이 있습니다. 
 이제 고민할 필요가 없는 것들 중 한 가지는 바로 암호화 프로세스에서 사용되는 알고리즘입니다. 
 그렇다고 이것이 중요하지 않다는 것은 아닙니다. 
 AWS는 사실 자사의 알고리즘에 대해 큰 자부심을 갖고 있습니다. 
 AWS는 AAS 256 알고리즘을 사용하며 다만 이 알고리즘이 작동하는 방식을 이해하려면 암호학 박사 쯤은 되어야 할 겁니다. 
 이는 지금 당장 알 수 있는 것보다 더 많은 시간이 걸립니다. 
 해당 엔진이 내부에서 작동하는 방식 그리고 암호화 키를 관리하는 방법을 각각 이해할 필요가 있습니다. 
 이제 몇 가지 기본 원리를 살펴보겠습니다. 
 데이터 키인 개인 암호 키를 생성하는 엔진이 하나 있다고 생각해 봅시다. 
 이 키는 데이터 객체에 적용되는 모든 암호 정보를 포함합니다. 
 해당 데이터 객체는 사진이나 동영상 혹은 사용자가 보호하려는 개별 문서일 수도 있습니다. 
 개별 개체에 대하여 암호 데이터를 적용하면 결국 암호화된 데이터를 얻게 됩니다. 
 이렇게 암호화된 데이터는 스토리지에 보관됩니다. 
 Amazon S3 또는 Amazon EBS든 어떤 것이든 간에 이는 문제가 되지 않습니다. 
 원래의 암호화 키가 없다면 해당 데이터를 읽을 방법도 없는 셈이 됩니다. 
 여기서 진짜 문제가 되는 것은 그 키를 관리하는 것입니다. 
 저희는 그 키를 잃고 싶지 않으며 키를 보호하고 싶어 합니다. 
 또 다른 고려 사항이 여기에 있습니다. 
 어떤 이유로든 간에 데이터 키가 손상될 경우 해당 키를 가진 사람이 모든 것을 읽을 수 있기 때문에 내 환경에 저장하는 모든 개체에 대해 똑같은 데이터 키를 사용하고 싶지는 않습니다. 
 그 대신, 내 엔진은 내 시스템으로 들어가는 모든 개체에 대해 고유한 하나의 키를 만들 것입니다. 
 50개 또는 100개의 문서가 있다면 큰 문제가 있는 것으로 생각되지는 않겠지만 여러분이 현재 보관 중인 수백만 개 또는 수십억 개의 개별 개체가 존재할 수 있는 소셜 미디어 사이트를 운영하고 있다고 상상해 보십시오. 
 이러한 경우, 그러한 모든 키를 관리해야 한다는 것은 주어진 시나리오에서 까다로운 부분에 해당됩니다. 
 AWS는 이러한 관리를 어떻게 수행할까요? AWS는 실제로 부동산에서 교훈을 얻고 있습니다. 
 여러분은 부동산 중개인이며 직업상 여러분이 사는 동네에서 수만 채 혹은 수십만 채의 주택에 접근할 권한을 확보할 수 있다고 상상해 보십시오. 
 그러한 모든 키를 포함한 키 체인을 보관하는 대신, 키를 주택의 현관문에 테이프로 붙일 것을 모든 집 주인에게 부탁하면 됩니다. 
 이것은 AWS가 수행하는 작업이라는 점만 제외하면 언뜻 보기에 그다지 안전한 것 같지는 않을 것입니다. 
 비유하자면 AWS는 해당 키를 받아 키를 집 현관문의 사서함에 테이프로 부착하며, 부동산 중개인이 갖고 있는 것은 사서함에 부착된 이 키 밖에 없는 셈이죠. 
 부동산 중개인들은 마스터 키를 갖고 있으며 중개인은 이 키를 사서함에 부착하는 한, 이 키를 획득해 집 현관문을 열 수 있습니다. 
 AWS는 바로 이와 같은 일을 하고 있는 것입니다. 
 여러분은 이 데이터 객체에서만 사용되는 개인 데이터 키를 갖고 있습니다. 
 AWS는 데이터 키를 확보하고 마스터 키를 갖고 있으며 원래의 데이터 키와 대조하여 마스터 키를 적용함으로써 암호화된 버전의 데이터 키를 얻을 수 있습니다. 
 그런 다음, 새로 암호화된 버전의 해당 개체는 암호화된 개체에 가상으로 부착되며 그 개체는 결국 스토리지에 보관됩니다. 
 이제 원래의 데이터 키를 보관하는 것에 대해서는 고민할 필요가 없습니다. 
 사실 개인적으로 이 키를 잊어버릴 수 있습니다. 
 암호화된 버전의 키를 획득했기 때문에 원래의 키는 사라진 것입니다. 
 마스터 키를 분실하지 않는 한, 마스터 키를 사용하면 암호화된 버전의 키를 해독하여 평문 버전의 키를 얻을 수 있으며, 이 키를 사용하면 무엇보다도 평문 데이터 객체로 복원할 수 있게 됩니다. 
 마스터 키를 사용해 수행하는 작업을 제외하면 문제가 해결됩니까? 이제 문제가 되는 것은 바로 마스터 키 관리입니다. 
 똑같은 솔루션을 사용해 보겠습니다. 
 또 다른 마스터 키를 받아 이 키를 암호화한 후 스토리지에 따로 보관합니다. 
 이제 마스터 키를 암호화해야겠군요. 
 마스터 키를 암호화는 게 좋겠습니다! 암호 기법에 대해 논할 때 여러분이 결국 얻게 되는 것은 문제의 원인입니다. 
 고민해야 할 것은 마스터 키 관리입니다. 
 사람들은 이 문제에 대한 솔루션을 수십 년 동안 궁리해 왔습니다. 
 AWS는 암호 기법 적용 시 도움을 주기 위해 활용할 수 있는 솔루션들을 출시하고 있습니다. 
 저희는 클라우드 HSM(Hardware Security Module) 같은 하드웨어 솔루션 또는 서비스(예: KMS) 및 키 관리 시스템 등에 필요한 솔루션들을 제공합니다. 
 이러한 솔루션들은 AWS에서 기본적인 마스터 키 관리 문제를 해결할 방법들을 제공할 수 있습니다. 
 
 - EBS 볼륨 암호화 
 Amazon EBS(Elastic Block Store) 볼륨 암호화는 중요 데이터를 보호하는 데 도움을 주기 위해 AWS가 제공하는 기본 암호화 서비스 중 하나에 속하며, AWS KMS(Key Management Service)와 연동합니다. 
 EBS 볼륨 암호화를 사용할 경우, 모든 암호화 알고리즘이 서버 측에서 발생하여 암호화 프로세스에서 운영 체제에 필요한 여유 공간을 확보한다는 점이 돋보입니다. 
 EBS 볼륨 암호화의 운영 방식은 다음과 같습니다. 
 EBS 볼륨이 서버측 암호화를 요청할 경우, KMS는 각 EBS 볼륨에 대한 고유 데이터 키를 프로비저닝합니다. 
 AWS에서는 그러한 고유 데이터 키를 재사용하지 않습니다. 
 즉, 암호화가 필요한 EBS 볼륨의 수가 몇 개이든 간에 해당 시스템 밖에서 1개의 키가 손상될 경우에는 데이터가 손실될 가능성이 없습니다. 
 이 EBS 볼륨이 분리되어 별개의 EC2 인스턴스에 다시 연결될 경우에도 문제가 되지 않습니다. 
 이 볼륨을 몇 번 연결하든 이 볼륨을 제어하는 모든 EC2 인스턴스가 암호 정보에 대한 액세스 권한을 항상 갖는지 확인할 필요가 있습니다. 
 이 볼륨은 EC2 인스턴스에 연결될 때 암호화된 버전의 암호화 키를 EC2 인스턴스로 전달합니다. 
 그런 다음, 이 인스턴스는 해당 키를 해독해야 합니다. 
 EC2 인스턴스는 KMS 서비스에 이 키를 복호화할 것을 요청하며 암호화된 버전의 키를 KMS로 전달합니다. 
 KMS는 키를 복호화하는 데 사용된 마스터 키를 보관합니다. 
 이 마스터 키는 KMS 시스템을 떠나지 않습니다. 
 KMS는 권한을 사용해 마스터에 붙어 다니면서 개별 데이터 키를 복호화하며 이 키를 EC2 인스턴스로 다시 보냅니다. 
 이제 EC2 인스턴스는 복호화된 버전의 키에 대한 액세스 권한을 갖게 되며 EC2 인스턴스 및 EBS 볼륨을 드나드는 모든 데이터는 이러한 식으로 암호화 및 보관됩니다. 
 어떤 지점에서든 EC2 인스턴스는 암호화된 키 및 평문 버전의 암호화 키를 시스템 내 어느 곳에서든지 작성합니다. 
 암호화 키를 메모리에 보관하는 것은 이 인스턴스 밖에 없습니다. 
 이런 식으로 사용자의 데이터는 안전하게 보관 및 보호됩니다.
 
 - 서브넷 게이트웨이 및 라우팅
 표준 3티어 아키텍처를 살펴보면 이해해야 할 점이 많습니다. 
 애플리케이션 서버로 이동한 후 마스터 대기 구성에서 실행 중인 데이터베이스와 통신하는 프런트엔드 웹 서버로 시작하는 애플리케이션을 구축하는 것을 고려하면서 네트워크 구성 요소들을 먼저 살펴보기로 하겠습니다. 
 먼저 물리적 인프라부터 살펴보겠습니다. 
 3티어 애플리케이션을 갖고 있음에도 불구하고 처음부터 항상 높은 가용성에 대해 생각한다는 개념입니다. 
 이는 여러 가용 영역(AZ)이 있는 AWS 리전에서 실행됨을 의미합니다. 
 모든 AWS 리전은 적어도 2개 이상의 가용 영역(AZ)을 갖고 있습니다. 
 물론 2개 이상의 가용 영역을 사용할 수 있는데 다만 여기서는 편의상 필요에 따라 더 많이 분산할 수 있는 가용 영역 AZ-1 및 AZ-2에 위치해 보겠습니다. 
 모든 것은 VPC 내부에 있습니다. 
 이번 시간에는 10.10/16의 CIDR(Classless Inter-Domain Routing) 블록을 VPC를 위한 네트워킹 구성 요소로 선택한 다음, 갖고 있는 자산을 여러 서브넷으로 분할했습니다. 
 VPC 내부에 있는 모든 것은 하나의 서브넷 내에 있으며, 해당 서브넷들은 모두 충돌할 수 없는 자체 CIDR 블록을 갖고 있습니다. 
 서브넷들은 고유한 것이어야 하며, 이들은 모두 코어 VPC 사이트 또는 블록 그 자체의 부분 집합에 속합니다. 
 여기서 할 일은 항상 자산을 보호한다는 목적으로 해당 부분 집합 내에서 통신을 처리하는 것입니다. 
 아키텍처를 어떤 방법으로 사용하고 싶습니까? 과연 AWS는 데이터베이스와 직접 통신하는 인터넷에서 사용자들을 밖에 위치시키고 싶어 하겠습니까? 아니요. 
 그렇지 않습니다. 
 AWS는 사용자들이 프런트 애플리케이션 웹 서버를 통과하기를 늘 원하고 있으며 거기서부터 애플리케이션 서버는 서로 통신합니다. 
 애플리케이션 서버는 데이터베이스와 통신합니다. 
 다만 외부 통신으로부터 데이터베이스를 보호함으로써 해킹, 침입 또는 남용으로부터 보호를 받게 됩니다. 
 애플리케이션의 GUI를 중심으로 배치할 방어선들은 많습니다. 
 먼저 네트워킹 구성 요소부터 살펴보겠습니다. 
 단일한 서브넷 내부에 모든 것을 배치하는 대신, 가용 영역(AZ)들을 퍼블릭 서브넷과 프라이빗 서브넷으로 분할합니다. 
 온프레미스 네트워킹을 수행했다면 서브넷에 대해 생각할 때 먼저 스위치와 라우터에 대해 생각해보고 모든 자산이 서로 통신하거나 혹은 동일한 스위치 및 동일한 라우터에서 통신을 한 후 다른 자산들이 개별 라우터에 위치하는지 확인합니다. 
 AWS에서 이것은 서브넷의 목적에 해당되지 않습니다. 
 AWS 네트워크가 내부에서 작동하는 방식을 전반적으로 다룬 논의는 있습니다. 
 다만 이것은 이번 시간에 논의할 주제에 속하지는 않습니다. 
 이에 관한 내용을 알고 싶다면 “A Day In the Life of a Billion Packets(수십억 개의 패킷이 가진 수명 중 하루)”라는 제목의 동영상을 시청해 보시기 바랍니다. 
이번 시간에는 퍼블릭 서브넷 내부의 모든 자산이 외부 인터넷과 직접 통신하게 될 자산이라는 사실에 대해 논의해보려고 합니다. 
 물론 여기서 직접 다루지는 않을 모든 자산은 프라이빗 서브넷 내에 위치할 것입니다. 
 여러 개의 프라이빗 서브넷을 가질 수 있을까요? 물론 가질 수 있습니다. 
 지침 목적상 도표는 단순화하고 있습니다. 
 퍼블릭(public) 즉, 공개적인 속성을 결정하는 것은 무엇입니까? 프라이빗(private) 즉, 비공개적인 속성을 결정하는 것은 무엇입니까? 그것은 바로 외부에 대한 접근(액세스)입니다. 
 VPC는 승인된 통신을 제외하면 트래픽의 입력 또는 출력을 허용하지 않는 가상 프라이빗 클라우드(virtual private cloud)로 정의됩니다. 
 트래픽 입력 또는 출력은 게이트웨이를 통해 이루어집니다. 
 여기서 살펴볼 첫 번째 게이트웨이는 IGW(internet gateway, 인터넷 게이트웨이)입니다. 
 이 게이트웨이를 활용하면 외부 인터넷의 통신을 VPC와 승인된 모든 서브넷에 전달할 수 있습니다. 
 이것은 라우팅(routing)에 대해 설명할 때 첫 번째 단계에 해당합니다. 
 VPC는 AWS 내 그 밖의 모든 VPC에 걸쳐 트래픽을 격리하도록 설계되어 있습니다. 
 VPC 내부의 자산은 VPC 그 자체와 그 외 모든 사용자 혹은 VPC의 나머지 구성 요소 간에 패킷을 전송하는 방법을 이미 알고 있습니다. 
 이는 라우팅 테이블을 통해 이루어집니다. 
 VPC를 콘솔 내에서 생성했는지 혹은 API를 통해 생성했는지 여부에 관계없이 기본 라우팅 테이블(RT) 개체는 자동으로 생성되었습니다. 
 이 개체는 1개의 라인만 갖습니다. 
 이 경우, 이 개체는 VPC 그 자체(10.10/16)의 CIDR 블록에 해당합니다. 
 그렇다면 그 대상은 어디에 있을까요? 대상은 로컬에 있습니다. 
 그 밖에 해야 할 일은 없지만 이는 서브넷과는 별도로 프라이빗 IP 주소와 관계없이 VPC 내부의 모든 자산은 패킷을 전송할 하나의 경로가 있음을 의미합니다. 
 이것은 패킷이 승인되었음을 의미하지는 않습니다. 
 본 강의의 뒷부분에서는 보안 그룹과 액세스 통제 목록(ACL)에 대해 살펴볼 것입니다. 
 다만 이것은 패킷이 최소한 다른 인스턴스에 도달하는 방법을 알고 있음을 의미합니다. 
 그러나 딱 거기까지만 알고 있는 것이죠. 
 퍼블릭 서브넷의 인스턴스에서 어떤 패킷이 IGW 밖으로 빠져나가 인터넷(interwebs)으로 들어가거나 혹은 그 반대로 이동할 수 있기를 원한다면 말입니다. 
 인터넷을 프라이빗 엔터티 또는 퍼블릭 인스턴스에 연결하고 싶다면 IGW를 통해 빠져나가는 경로를 제공하는 라우팅 라인(route line)을 추가해야 합니다. 
 해당 액세스 권한은 기본 라우팅 테이블에 바로 입력할 수 있습니다. 
 문제는 이것이 모든 인스턴스에 적용된다는 점이며, 수행 중인 작업의 전체 지점은 바로 여기서 GUI 중심을 보호하는 데 그 목적이 있습니다. 
 그 대신, AWS는 새로운 개체 즉, 퍼블릭 라우팅 테이블을 만듭니다. 
 사용자가 새 라우팅 테이블을 만들면 이 테이블은 기본 라우팅 테이블에 수록된 모든 내용을 자동으로 복사합니다. 
 그래서 새 라우팅 테이블은 10.10.0.0/16으로 시작합니다. 
 이 테이블은 항상 로컬로 유지됩니다. 
 여기서 우리가 하려는 작업은 퍼블릭 라우팅 테이블을 승인하는 것입니다. 
 이 테이블과 관련된 모든 자는 IGW에 대한 액세스 권한을 갖습니다. 
 우리가 대상으로 삼고 있는 IP는 무엇입니까? 우리는 전체 IPV 4 스펙트럼을 대상으로 삼고 있습니다. 
 그렇다면 표기법은 어떻게 인용하고 있을까요?  0.0.0.0/0은 IGW 밖으로 나갑니다. 
 IGW는 물리적 서버가 아니며 네트워크 구성체(network construct)에 속합니다. 
 IGW는 10.10/16에 해당되지 않는 것으로서 대상이 된 모든 콘텐츠가 해당 리전 외부로 나가 DNS 검색 시 콘텐츠 전송의 대상 위치로 들어갈 수 있도록 자동으로 허용된다는 것을 시사하는 고가용성의 네트워크 구성체에 속합니다. 
 마지막으로 해야 할 일은 퍼블릭 라우팅 테이블을 퍼블릭 서브넷과 연결하는 것입니다. 
 웹 인스턴스에서 발신되거나 웹 인스턴스를 대상으로 하는 모든 패킷은 10.10/16 밖으로 나간다면 이제 IGW 밖으로 이동하는 경로를 갖게 되며 필요한 것이 무엇인지를 확인한 후 반환하게 됩니다. 
 0.0.0.0/0을 프라이빗 서브넷에 추가하지는 않았기 때문에 누군가 이 인스턴스의 IP 주소를 알고 있더라도 패킷이 이 인스턴스를 통과하려는 모든 시도는 즉시 중단됩니다. 
 패킷이 이 인스턴스를 건드리지 못하는 이유는 IGW가 이 서브넷과 연결될 수 있도록 허용하는 라우팅 라인이 없는데다 건드릴 수 없는 것들을 해킹할 수는 없기 때문입니다. 
 이만하면 훌륭하군요. 
 다만 또 다른 문제가 있습니다. 
 즉, 어떤 지점에서는 이 자산이 인터넷으로 빠져나가 하나의 패치를 선택할 수 있게끔 하고 싶을 때가 있는 것이죠. 
 예를 들면, 이것이 Oracle 데이터베이스라고 할 때 나는 oracle.com 사이트로 이동해 Oracle의 최신 버전을 다운로드하여 내 시스템을 업데이트해야 합니다. 
 시스템 업데이트는 바로 이런 식으로 이루어집니다. 
 인스턴스는 IGW로 이동을 시도하라는 요청을 할 것입니다. 
 DNS 검색 요청을 할 경우, oracle.com 사이트로 이동하면 DNS는 54.<주소>에 있다고 알려줄 것입니다. 
 주소를 구성하고 있습니다. 
 어떤 지점에서 인스턴스는 ‘좋습니다. 이제 패킷을 54.<주소>로 전송하십시오’라고 알리게 됩니다. 
 내 라우팅 테이블은 무엇입니까? 그것은 기본 라우팅 테이블 54.<주소>와 계속 관련됩니다. 
 내 라우팅 테이블은 10.10/16의 일부인가요? 아니요. 
 그렇지 않습니다. 
 다른 선택의 여지가 없다면 패킷은 제거됩니다. 
 패킷은 외부로 통신할 수 없습니다. 
 이러한 일이 발생하려면 이 아키텍처에 몇 가지 다른 요소들을 추가해야 합니다. 
 퍼블릭 라운드 테이블을 연결할 수 있습니다. 
 이 때 문제가 되는 것은 자산이 노출되었다는 점이며 또한 이 서브넷을 퍼블릭 상태로 공개함으로써 시간을 들여 마련한 모든 보안 프로토콜을 위반했다는 점입니다. 
 서브넷의 이름은 여전히 프라이빗(private)으로 불리겠지만 000, IGW 액세스 권한을 갖고 있기 때문에 사실상 퍼블릭 서브넷이나 다름이 없습니다. 
 이름은 관련이 없습니다. 
 이것의 이름은 사람, 곰, 돼지 등으로 부를 수 있습니다. 
 여러분이 그 이름을 어떻게 부르든 상관은 없습니다. 
 이 서브넷이 000 IGW 액세스 권한을 갖고 있다면 퍼블릭 서브넷에 해당됩니다. 
 AWS는 이 서브넷을 어떻게 보호할까요? 먼저 이 시나리오에서 해결하려는 2가지 통신 경로를 살펴보겠습니다. 
우리가 해결하려는 첫 번째 경로는 외부에서의 통신입니다. 
 그 이유는 여러분이 갖고 있는 것이 패치를 필요로 하는지 여부를 확인하기 위해 우선적으로 데이터베이스에 대한 액세스 권한을 획득하려는 데이터베이스 관리자(DBA)이기 때문입니다. 
 저는 외부의 Starbucks 또는 그 외 다른 곳에서 있는 DBA와 일하고 있습니다. 
 DBA는 로그인을 시도해 데이터베이스에 연결하려고 합니다. 
 지금 당장에는 데이터베이스가 DBA의 패킷을 허용할 방법은 없기 때문에 이렇게 하려면 아키텍처에 또 다른 개체를 추가해야 합니다. 
 지금까지 실행된 모든 보안 메커니즘을 위반하는 퍼블릭 라우팅 테이블을 다시 한 번 할당할 수도 있습니다. 
 이것은 접속 호스트(bastion host)라 불리는 새 인스턴스에 해당되며, 접속 호스트 또는 점프 박스(jump box)의 전체 개념은 DBA 또는 시스템 관리자가 퍼블릭 인스턴스에 로그인하기 위한 장소(landing place)를 제공하는 것입니다. 
 DBA 또는 시스템 관리자는 퍼블릭 인스턴스에 로그인한 상태에서 로그인 권한이 있는 그 밖의 모든 인스턴스에 대해서도 로그인을 실행할 수 있는데 그 이유는 (그들이) 이미 VPC 내에 있기 때문입니다. 
 이제 접속 호스트는 승인되지 않은 액세스를 방지하기 위해 그 주위에 모든 종류의 보안 그룹과 액세스 통제 목록(ACL) 보호 기능을 갖게 됩니다. 
 다만 그러한 보안 그룹과 ACL 보호 기능이 열려 있다고 가정한다면 DBA는 접속 호스트에 로그인할 수 있으며 접속 호스트에 대한 루트 액세스 권한을 획득하게 되는데, 이 지점에서 DBA는 접속 호스트로부터 데이터베이스 또는 원하는 그 밖의 위치로 직접 연결할 수 있습니다. 
 그 이유는 퍼블릭 서브넷이 로컬 라인을 갖고 있기 때문이며 이는 패킷이 로컬 라인에서 내부의 다른 위치까지 그 경로를 인지하고 있음을 의미합니다. 
 이것은 승인된 것일까요? 아니면 승인되지 않은 것일까요? 그것은 다른 대화에 속합니다. 
 그럼 승인된 것으로 가정해 보겠습니다. 
 이제 DBA는 데이터베이스상의 한 루트(root)로서 로그인을 할 수 있으며 예를 들면 oracle.com 사이트로 이동하기 위해 필요한 모든 검사를 수행할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 저장소가 있는 모든 위치에서 최신 패치를 다운로드할 수 있습니다. 
 접속 서버(bastion server)를 통한 연결이 되더라도 인스턴스에서 패킷을 시작해 IGW 밖으로 복귀할 수 있도록 액세스 권한이 DBA에 부여되지는 않습니다. 
 이는 이동했던 경로를 단순히 추적하지는 않습니다. 
 따라서 프라이빗 서브넷에서 시작된 트래픽을 IGW 밖으로 다시 내보낼 수 있도록 허용하려면 또 다른 개체가 필요합니다. 
 다시 한 번 뭔가를 추가해야 합니다. 
 그래서 한 가지 구식 수법을 활용합니다. 
 그것은 바로 네트워크 주소 변환 서버(network address translation server)를 의미하는 NAT 서버입니다. 
 이 서버는 AWS가 새로 고안한 것이 아니며 작동 원리는 매우 간단합니다. 
 NAT 서버는 단순히 전체 인터넷인 것처럼 작동합니다. 
 로그아웃을 시도 중인 데이터베이스는 NAT 서버를 대상으로 하면서 이 서버가 전체 인터넷인 것으로 판단합니다. 
 NAT 서버는 기본적으로 ‘예, 허용합니다. 
 저는(NAT 서버는) 귀하가 찾고 계신 모든 주소에 해당됩니다’라는 메시지를 전달한 후, 패킷을 리디렉션합니다. 이러한 동작이 이루어지려면 새 라우팅 테이블(즉, 프라이빗 라우팅 테이블)이 필요합니다. 
 늘 그렇듯이 AWS는 기본 라우팅 테이블의 사본부터 먼저 만드는데, 이는 기본 테이블에서 모든 것을 복사한다는 것을 의미하며 그래서 내 로컬 라인인 10.10.0.0/16은 일반 로컬 라인에 해당됩니다. 
 새 라인은 000으로 처리하는 작업에 해당됩니다. 
 IGW 밖으로 이동하지는 않습니다. 
 그 대신, 이 경우에는 내 0.0.0.0/0이 NAT-ID 밖으로 이동합니다. 
 우리는 단지 이 특정 인스턴스를 향해 외부로 이동하도록 되어 있는 모든 트래픽을 대상으로 한 후, 프라이빗 라우팅 테이블을 2개의 프라이빗 서브넷에 모두 연결합니다. 
 패킷 트래픽은 다음과 같은 방식으로 이동합니다. 
 즉, DBA는 데이터베이스에서 시작해 루트에서 로그인됩니다. 
 이제 DBA는 패킷 송신을 시작하려 합니다. 
 따라서 DNS 검색에서는 54.<주소>로 이동 중으로 나타납니다. 
 이제 패킷은 중단되며 10.10 부분이 아닌, 라우팅 테이블 54.<주소>를 검사합니다. 
 또 다른 옵션이 있습니까? 000이 있군요. 
 우리는 그것과 정확히 일치하므로 당신은 전체 인터넷(entire internet)임에 틀림이 없습니다. 
 그렇다면 NAT는 ‘예, 저는 54.<주소>입니다’라는 메시지를 알립니다. 
 그런데 이 기능이 작동하려면 원본/대상 확인 기능을 꺼야 합니다. 
 이 기능은 기본적으로 ‘켜짐(on)’으로 설정되어 있으며 여러분의 자산을 “중간자(man in the middle)”형 공격으로부터 보호하는 기능이기 때문에 매우 중요합니다. 
 이 경우에는 해당 기능이 꺼져 있기 때문에 NAT는 이 기능이 켜진 것처럼 가장하여 ‘저는 당신의 요구에 따라 54.<주소>에 있어야 할 아무개입니다’라는 메시지를 알립니다. 
 NAT는 실제로 그렇지 않으면서도 그런 척 하는 것입니다. 
 그런 다음, 패킷을 수신하여 다시 로드합니다. 
 NAT는 IGW에 액세스했는데 그 이유는 퍼블릭 테이블에 액세스할 권한이 있기 때문입니다. 
 NAT는 패킷을 밖으로 전송하고 필요한 패킷을 모아서 후퇴시키며 다시 패키지로 만들어 되돌려 보냅니다. 
 그러면 해당 프로세스가 완료된 것입니다. 
 프라이빗 라우팅 테이블이 NAT를 대상으로 하도록 허용하면 밖으로 나갈 수 있으며 혹은 내 퍼블릭 라우팅 테이블은 NAT 액세스 권한을 사용할 필요 없이 직접 나갈 수 있습니다. 
 어떤 경우든 간에 시작해야 할 일은 거기에 있습니다. 
 그것을 허용할까요? 하지 말까요? 이는 권한 문제에 속합니다. 
 그것은 또 다른 대화에 속하며 다만 지금은 적어도 패킷을 밖으로 내보냅니다. 
 제가 언급하고 싶은 퍼즐 조각이 하나 더 있습니다. 
 그것은 하이브리드 옵션들을 다루고 있습니다. 
 내 DBA가 Starbucks에서 연결할 수 있도록 허용하고 싶지 않다면 어떨까요? DBA가 프라이빗 데이터 센터에 로그인했거나 혹은 VPN 터널을 통해 로그인한 경우에만 연결할 수 있도록 요구하고 싶다면 어떨까요? 이러한 경우에는 내 프라이빗 데이터 센터가 있습니다. 
 이 경우, 내 프라이빗 데이터 센터가 해당되는데, 저는 프라이빗 데이터 센터에서 로그인할 것을 내 DBA에 요구할 것이며 이제 VPC에 VPN 연결을 구성할 것입니다. 
 IGW를 경유하지는 않겠습니다. 
 그 대신, VGW라 불리는 새 게이트웨이 또는 가상 프라이빗 게이트웨이를 사용할 것입니다. 
 이제 직접 통신이 필요한 서브넷에 라우팅 테이블 라인을 추가하면 액세스 권한을 설정할 수 있습니다. 
 아마도 내 DBA가 프라이빗 데이터 센터에서 들어오면 데이터베이스에 직접 연결하도록 허용할 필요가 있을 것 같습니다. 
 그래서 내 프라이빗 데이터 센터가 172.68.0.0/16의 IP 체계를 사용하면 해당 라인을 추가하기만 하면 됩니다. 
 이제 어디로 가고 있는 걸까요? VGW 액세스입니다. 
 여기서는 DBA가 프라이빗 데이터 센터에서 직접 통신을 시작한 경우에만 접속 서버를 경유할 필요 없이 해당 인스턴스와 직접 통신할 수 있게 됩니다. 
 그것은 모범 사례 요소에 해당되나요? 모든 구현은 고유한 것이 됩니다. 
 여러분은 각자의 선택을 하게 될 것이며 다만 이러한 선택은 AWS VPC(Virtual Private Cloud)에서 네트워킹 옵션을 구축하기 시작할 때 고려할 필요가 있는 일련의 기본 도구가 됩니다.